Araştırma Makalesi
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Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 192 - 213, 31.12.2025

Esen Eser

https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.1503252

Öz

Terörle ilgili hemen hemen tüm çalışmalarda vurgulanan ilk sorun, terörizmin herkes tarafından kabul edilmiş tutarlı bir tanımının olmayışıdır. Değişen bakış açısına göre terörizm, yaşanan bir krizden olumsuz etkilenen taraf, destekleyen taraf ya da direkt aktif destekçi olmak gibi farklı şekillerde kavramsallaştırılabilmektedir. CEPOL'ün hazırladığı seminer çıktılarına göre dünya çapındaki terörist grupların üçte birinden fazlası etnik/ayrılıkçı azınlıklar adına hareket yürütmektedir. Saldırı ve can kayıplarının sayısına bakılırsa etnik terörizm, ideolojik terörizmin aksine oldukça yaygın görünüyor. Yirminci yüzyılın ilk zamanlarından bu yana etnik meseleler her coğrafyada sorun olagelmiştir. Bir takım etnik terörist gruplar AB ülkelerinde uzun süredir varlığını sürdürmüş ya da varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bazı etnik/ayrılıkçı terörist grupların isyanlarından vazgeçmesi, bazılarının ise daha da gelişerek faaliyetlerine hız kazandırması kaynak ülke tarafından tasarlanan planların ve uygulanan politikadaki farklılıkların ne denli önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. ETA, IRA, PIRA ve ASALA gibi etnik terör gruplarının gelişme süreçlerine bakıldığında bu daha net bir şekilde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Avrupa'da terör örgütlerinin yaşadığı değişim ve dönüşüm, güvenlik kavramlarının da değişimini tetiklemiştir. Bu nedenle uluslararası iş birliğini gerektiren teröre karşı mücadele politikalarının yeniden formüle edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur.
Bu çalışmada öncelikli amaç, küreselleşmeyle birlikte etkileri daha kalıcı boyutlara ulaşan terör konusuna literatürü göz önünde tutarak genel bir bakış sunmak, sorunun tarihsel gelişimini ve boyutlarını analiz etmektir. Etnik meseleleri temel alarak, Avrupa Birliği'nde çözüm ve önerilerle konuya ilişkin politikaların geliştirilip uygulanabileceği bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Araştırmada "Avrupa'da yüzlerce yıldır var olan ve terör boyutuna ulaşan ırksal sorunlar nelerdir?, AB içerisinde varlığını, yapısını ve önemini tartışan ulus devletler ile etnik gruplar arasındaki ilişkiler küreselleşme süreçlerinin etkisiyle nasıl değişmiştir?, Etnik terörist grupları motive eden şey nedir?" sorusuna yanıt vermek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada birincil ve ikincil verilerin analizini içeren nitel bir metodoloji kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle etnik terörizme ilişkin literatür incelenerek etnik krizlerin terörizm türleri içerisindeki özgünlüğü vurgulanmıştır. Daha sonra AB’nin terörle mücadele politikası, bu alanda oluşturduğu kurumlar ve ilgili AB mevzuatına kısaca yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etnik Terörizm Terörle Mücadele Avrupa Birliği Terör Türleri

Kaynakça

  • Akçam, H., & Asal, V. (2020). Etnik Terörizm Modeli: Sistem Dinamikleri Yaklaşımıyla Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), S. 221–250.
  • Akyüz, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Çevresel Terör: PKK Terör Örgütü Örneği, Ulusal ÇevreBilimleri Araştırma Dergisi. 3(4). S. 197-207.
  • Alonso, R., & Reinares, F. (2005). Terrorism, Human Rights and Law Enforcement in Spain. Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(1-2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550590520663
  • Altındağ, N. (2020). An Analysis Regarding Turkey’s Struggle with the Separatist PKK Terror Organisation, Journal of Anadolu Strategy. 2(1). S. 33-48.
  • Bakowski, P. (2023). Europen Parliementary Research Service. Understanding EU CounterTerrorism Policy. Bal, İ. (2003). Uluslararası Terörizm ve Türkiye. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2017). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press.
  • Bures, O. (2013). EU Counterterrorism Policy: A Paper Tiger? Routledge.
  • Europol. (2023). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports
  • Boylan, D. M. (2016). Etnic Exclusion and Ethnic Armed Conflict: A Global Analysis. Journal of Peace Research, 53(3), 442–456.
  • Choi, S.-W., & Piazza, J. A. (2016). Ethnic groups, political exclusion and domestic terrorism. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(1), 37–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2014.994709
  • Cihan, M. (2019). Sosyolojik Bakış Açısıyla Orta Doğu, Terör ve Türkiye. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kırıkkale.
  • Clubb, G., Davies, G. ve Kobayashi, Y. (2024). Transparent Communication in Counterterrorism Policy: Does Transparency Increase Public Support and Trust in Counterterrorism Programs? Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2024.2322489
  • Conversi, D. (1997). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation. University of Nevada Press.
  • Cordell, K. (1999). Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge.
  • Cordell, K., & Wolff, S. (2009). Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Polity Press.
  • Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13(4), s. 379–399.
  • Cronin, A. K. (2002). How terrorism ends: Understanding the decline and demise of terrorist campaigns. Princeton University Press.
  • Cronin, A. K. (2004). Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism. International Security, 27(3), s. 30–58.
  • Çoban, AJK (2021). AB'de terörle mücadele, kolektif güvenlikleştirme ve iç-dış güvenlik bağlantısı. Küresel İlişkiler, 7 (5),733–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2021.2001958
  • Dadashova, R.B. (2019). Measures of the UN Security Council Against International Terrorism and Globally Threatening Armenian Terrorism, Review of Armenian Studies, 39, s. 101-130.
  • D’Amato, S. ve Terlizzi, A. (2022). Stratejik Avrupa Terörle Mücadelesi mi? Ampirik Bir Analiz. Avrupa Güvenliği, 31 (4), s. 540-557.
  • Danzell, O. E., Yeh, Y. Y., & Pfannenstiel, M. (2019). Determinants of Domestic Terrorism: An Examination of Ethnic Polarization and Economic Development. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(3), s. 536–558.
  • Demir, C. K., (2017). Sebeplerinden Mücadele Yöntemlerine Etnik Ayrılıkçı Terörizm: PIRA, ETA, PKK. Ankara.
  • Duran, H. & Tugay, B. (2021). Etnik Terörde Ahlaki Ayrılma Sürecine Yönelik Politik Psikolojik Yaklaşım. Eskişehir Osman Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), s. 495-512.
  • Fox, J., Mishali-Ram, M., Zellman, A. ve Basedau, M. (2023). Mobilizing for Jihad: How Political Exclusion and Organized Protest Contribute to the Exodus of Foreign Fighters Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2217930
  • Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism (Revised and Expanded Edition). Columbia University Press. European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2023. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/
  • Ilbiz, E., & Kaunert, C. (2022). Europol And Cybercrime: Europol's Sharing Decryption Platform. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 30 (2), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1995707
  • Iseri, R. (2008). Türkiye’de Etnik Terör: ASALA ve PKK Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Karamanoglu, Y. E. (2016). Terör Olaylarının İstatistiksel Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, İstatistikçiler Dergisi: Statistics and Actuarial Sciences. 9(1). s. 12-25.
  • Karimov, N. (2021). The Investigation on the Nexus of Ultra- Nationalist Groups, Organised Crime and State in Turkey, ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355587008
  • Kaunert, C., & Léonard, S. (2011). EU Counterterrorism and the European Neighbourhood Policy: An Appraisal of the Southern Dimension. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(2), 286–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.538276
  • Kaunert, C. (2009). The External Dimension of EU Counter-Terrorism Relations: Competences, Interests, and Institutions. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(1), s. 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550903409551
  • Kaunert, C., & Leonard, S. (2012). Europol and the EU’s Internal Security Architecture. Intelligence and National Security, 27(6), s. 817–838.
  • Keating, M. (2001). Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Koff, H. (2009). Ethnicity and Terrorism: A New Typology. Journal of International and Global Studies, 1(1), 15–30.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2008). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), s. 235–258.
  • Marsili, M. (2019). Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Impact of Ambiguous and Disputed Definitions on Fundamental Human Rights.
  • Melhuish, F. ve Heath-Kelly, C. (2022). Counter-Terrorism At The Local Level: The European Union, The Prevention Of Radicalisation And Negotiating The Transfer Of Power. European Security, 31 (2), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.2009458
  • Mitsilegas, V. (2016). EU Criminal Law after Lisbon: Rights, Trust and the Transformation of Justice in Europe.
  • Mustasilta, K., & Svensson, I. (2023). Divided We Fall: Ethnic Cleavages, Movement Cohesion, and the Risk of Escalation to Civil War in Non-Violent Uprisings. Civil Wars, 25(1), s. 103–136.
  • Neumann, P. R. (2007). Negotiating with terrorists. Foreign Affairs, 86(1), s. 128–138.
  • Ovalı, S. (2006). AB’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Politikasındaki Dönüşüm: 11 Eylül ve Madrid Saldırılarının Etkileri, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(3), s. 77-102.
  • Özer, M. (2022). Dünyanın Farklı Bölgelerinde Terörizm: ETA, IRA ve PKK Terör Örgütlerinin Karşılaştırılması, Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies. 4(1), s. 87-111.
  • Öztürk, Y. (2022). Armenians in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Context of Their Effects on Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process, Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 23(4). s.1021-1032
  • Peels, R. (2023). What is Explaining Extremism? Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2255902
  • Piazza, J. A. (2011). Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism. Journal of Peace Research, 48(3), 339–353.
  • Pluchinsky, D. A. (2006). Ethnic Terrorism: Historical Background and Recent Trends. In Yonah Alexander (Ed.), Combating Terrorism: Strategies of Ten Countries (pp. 27–61). University of Michigan Press.
  • Polo, S. M. (2020). Adyadic approach to internal armed conflict: The effect of ethnic exclusion on ethnic mobilization and conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 57(2), s. 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884982
  • Rorbaek, L. L. (2019). Ethnic Exclusion and Civil Resistance Campaigns: Opting for Nonviolent or Violent Tactics? Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(3), s. 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1233872
  • Saideman, S.M. & Campenni, M. & Stanton, S. & Lanova, D. (2002). Democratization, Political Institutions and Ethnic Conflict A Pooled Time-Series Analysis: 1985-1998. Comparative Political Studies. 35(1). s. 103-129.
  • Smith, K. E. (2003). European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World. Polity Press.
  • Temiz, G. (2019). Avrupa Birliği’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Yöntemleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Tezcur, Güneş Murat, 2010. “The PKK and Terrorism in the EU: European Policy Dilemmas.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33(5).
  • Wimmer, A. & Cederman, L.E. & Min, B. (2009). Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict a Configurational Analyses of a New Global Dataset, Published in the American Sociological Review. 74(2).
  • Williams, T. M. (2001). Root cause analysis in safety investigations. Defense Counsel Journal, 68(4), s. 398–408.https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/publication/eurojust-annual-report-2022

European Union's Anti-Terrorism Policies in The Focus of Ethnic Crises

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 192 - 213, 31.12.2025

Esen Eser

https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.1503252

Öz

The first problem that is emphasized in almost all studies on terrorism is the lack of a coherent definition of terrorism that is accepted by everyone. According to the changing perspective, terrorism can be conceptualized in different ways such as being a party adversely affected by a crisis, a supporting party or a direct active supporter. According to the outcomes of the seminar prepared by CEPOL, more than one-third of terrorist groups worldwide act on behalf of ethnic/separatist minorities. Judging by the number of attacks and casualties, ethnic terrorism seems to be quite common, unlike ideological terrorism. Since the early days of the twentieth century, ethnic issues have been a problem in every geography. A number of ethnic terrorist groups have existed or continue to exist in EU countries for a long time. The fact that some ethnic/separatist terrorist groups have given up their rebellions, while others have developed further and accelerated their activities, shows how important the differences in the plans and policies implemented by the source country are. This is more evident when we look at the development processes of ethnic terrorist groups such as ETA, IRA, PIRA and ASALA. The change and transformation experienced by terrorist organizations in Europe has triggered a change in the concepts of security. For this reason, there was a need to reformulate the policies against terrorism that require international cooperation.
The primary purpose of this study is to present an overview of the issue of terrorism, the effects of which have reached more permanent dimensions with globalization, by considering the literature, and to analyze the historical development and dimensions of the problem. Based on ethnic issues, it provides a framework in which policies on the subject can be developed and implemented with solutions and proposals in the European Union. In the research, it is aimed to answer the question "What are the racial problems that have existed in Europe for hundreds of years and have reached the level of terrorism?, How have the relations between nation states and ethnic groups that debate their existence, structure and importance in the EU changed with the effect of globalization processes?, What motivates ethnic terrorist groups?". A qualitative methodology including the analysis of primary and secondary data was used in the study. For this purpose, first of all, the literature on ethnic terrorism is examined and the specificity of ethnic crises among terrorism types is emphasized. Then, the EU's anti-terrorism policy, the institutions it has established in this field and the relevant EU legislation are briefly included.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethnic Terrorism Counter-Terrorism Europen Union Types of Terrorism

Kaynakça

  • Akçam, H., & Asal, V. (2020). Etnik Terörizm Modeli: Sistem Dinamikleri Yaklaşımıyla Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), S. 221–250.
  • Akyüz, E. (2020). Türkiye’de Çevresel Terör: PKK Terör Örgütü Örneği, Ulusal ÇevreBilimleri Araştırma Dergisi. 3(4). S. 197-207.
  • Alonso, R., & Reinares, F. (2005). Terrorism, Human Rights and Law Enforcement in Spain. Terrorism and Political Violence, 17(1-2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550590520663
  • Altındağ, N. (2020). An Analysis Regarding Turkey’s Struggle with the Separatist PKK Terror Organisation, Journal of Anadolu Strategy. 2(1). S. 33-48.
  • Bakowski, P. (2023). Europen Parliementary Research Service. Understanding EU CounterTerrorism Policy. Bal, İ. (2003). Uluslararası Terörizm ve Türkiye. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2017). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford University Press.
  • Bures, O. (2013). EU Counterterrorism Policy: A Paper Tiger? Routledge.
  • Europol. (2023). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports
  • Boylan, D. M. (2016). Etnic Exclusion and Ethnic Armed Conflict: A Global Analysis. Journal of Peace Research, 53(3), 442–456.
  • Choi, S.-W., & Piazza, J. A. (2016). Ethnic groups, political exclusion and domestic terrorism. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(1), 37–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2014.994709
  • Cihan, M. (2019). Sosyolojik Bakış Açısıyla Orta Doğu, Terör ve Türkiye. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kırıkkale.
  • Clubb, G., Davies, G. ve Kobayashi, Y. (2024). Transparent Communication in Counterterrorism Policy: Does Transparency Increase Public Support and Trust in Counterterrorism Programs? Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2024.2322489
  • Conversi, D. (1997). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation. University of Nevada Press.
  • Cordell, K. (1999). Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge.
  • Cordell, K., & Wolff, S. (2009). Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Polity Press.
  • Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13(4), s. 379–399.
  • Cronin, A. K. (2002). How terrorism ends: Understanding the decline and demise of terrorist campaigns. Princeton University Press.
  • Cronin, A. K. (2004). Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism. International Security, 27(3), s. 30–58.
  • Çoban, AJK (2021). AB'de terörle mücadele, kolektif güvenlikleştirme ve iç-dış güvenlik bağlantısı. Küresel İlişkiler, 7 (5),733–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2021.2001958
  • Dadashova, R.B. (2019). Measures of the UN Security Council Against International Terrorism and Globally Threatening Armenian Terrorism, Review of Armenian Studies, 39, s. 101-130.
  • D’Amato, S. ve Terlizzi, A. (2022). Stratejik Avrupa Terörle Mücadelesi mi? Ampirik Bir Analiz. Avrupa Güvenliği, 31 (4), s. 540-557.
  • Danzell, O. E., Yeh, Y. Y., & Pfannenstiel, M. (2019). Determinants of Domestic Terrorism: An Examination of Ethnic Polarization and Economic Development. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(3), s. 536–558.
  • Demir, C. K., (2017). Sebeplerinden Mücadele Yöntemlerine Etnik Ayrılıkçı Terörizm: PIRA, ETA, PKK. Ankara.
  • Duran, H. & Tugay, B. (2021). Etnik Terörde Ahlaki Ayrılma Sürecine Yönelik Politik Psikolojik Yaklaşım. Eskişehir Osman Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), s. 495-512.
  • Fox, J., Mishali-Ram, M., Zellman, A. ve Basedau, M. (2023). Mobilizing for Jihad: How Political Exclusion and Organized Protest Contribute to the Exodus of Foreign Fighters Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2217930
  • Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism (Revised and Expanded Edition). Columbia University Press. European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2023. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/
  • Ilbiz, E., & Kaunert, C. (2022). Europol And Cybercrime: Europol's Sharing Decryption Platform. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 30 (2), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1995707
  • Iseri, R. (2008). Türkiye’de Etnik Terör: ASALA ve PKK Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Karamanoglu, Y. E. (2016). Terör Olaylarının İstatistiksel Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, İstatistikçiler Dergisi: Statistics and Actuarial Sciences. 9(1). s. 12-25.
  • Karimov, N. (2021). The Investigation on the Nexus of Ultra- Nationalist Groups, Organised Crime and State in Turkey, ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355587008
  • Kaunert, C., & Léonard, S. (2011). EU Counterterrorism and the European Neighbourhood Policy: An Appraisal of the Southern Dimension. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(2), 286–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.538276
  • Kaunert, C. (2009). The External Dimension of EU Counter-Terrorism Relations: Competences, Interests, and Institutions. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(1), s. 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550903409551
  • Kaunert, C., & Leonard, S. (2012). Europol and the EU’s Internal Security Architecture. Intelligence and National Security, 27(6), s. 817–838.
  • Keating, M. (2001). Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Koff, H. (2009). Ethnicity and Terrorism: A New Typology. Journal of International and Global Studies, 1(1), 15–30.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2008). No War, No Peace: The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), s. 235–258.
  • Marsili, M. (2019). Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Impact of Ambiguous and Disputed Definitions on Fundamental Human Rights.
  • Melhuish, F. ve Heath-Kelly, C. (2022). Counter-Terrorism At The Local Level: The European Union, The Prevention Of Radicalisation And Negotiating The Transfer Of Power. European Security, 31 (2), 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2021.2009458
  • Mitsilegas, V. (2016). EU Criminal Law after Lisbon: Rights, Trust and the Transformation of Justice in Europe.
  • Mustasilta, K., & Svensson, I. (2023). Divided We Fall: Ethnic Cleavages, Movement Cohesion, and the Risk of Escalation to Civil War in Non-Violent Uprisings. Civil Wars, 25(1), s. 103–136.
  • Neumann, P. R. (2007). Negotiating with terrorists. Foreign Affairs, 86(1), s. 128–138.
  • Ovalı, S. (2006). AB’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Politikasındaki Dönüşüm: 11 Eylül ve Madrid Saldırılarının Etkileri, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(3), s. 77-102.
  • Özer, M. (2022). Dünyanın Farklı Bölgelerinde Terörizm: ETA, IRA ve PKK Terör Örgütlerinin Karşılaştırılması, Cappadocia Journal of Area Studies. 4(1), s. 87-111.
  • Öztürk, Y. (2022). Armenians in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Context of Their Effects on Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process, Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 23(4). s.1021-1032
  • Peels, R. (2023). What is Explaining Extremism? Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2255902
  • Piazza, J. A. (2011). Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism. Journal of Peace Research, 48(3), 339–353.
  • Pluchinsky, D. A. (2006). Ethnic Terrorism: Historical Background and Recent Trends. In Yonah Alexander (Ed.), Combating Terrorism: Strategies of Ten Countries (pp. 27–61). University of Michigan Press.
  • Polo, S. M. (2020). Adyadic approach to internal armed conflict: The effect of ethnic exclusion on ethnic mobilization and conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 57(2), s. 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319884982
  • Rorbaek, L. L. (2019). Ethnic Exclusion and Civil Resistance Campaigns: Opting for Nonviolent or Violent Tactics? Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(3), s. 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1233872
  • Saideman, S.M. & Campenni, M. & Stanton, S. & Lanova, D. (2002). Democratization, Political Institutions and Ethnic Conflict A Pooled Time-Series Analysis: 1985-1998. Comparative Political Studies. 35(1). s. 103-129.
  • Smith, K. E. (2003). European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World. Polity Press.
  • Temiz, G. (2019). Avrupa Birliği’nin Terörizmle Mücadele Yöntemleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Tezcur, Güneş Murat, 2010. “The PKK and Terrorism in the EU: European Policy Dilemmas.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33(5).
  • Wimmer, A. & Cederman, L.E. & Min, B. (2009). Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict a Configurational Analyses of a New Global Dataset, Published in the American Sociological Review. 74(2).
  • Williams, T. M. (2001). Root cause analysis in safety investigations. Defense Counsel Journal, 68(4), s. 398–408.https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/publication/eurojust-annual-report-2022
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Terörizm , AB Bölge Politikaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Esen Eser 0000-0003-4620-3666

Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Eser, E. (2025). Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(2), 192-213. https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.1503252
AMA Eser E. Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları. ASED. Aralık 2025;9(2):192-213. doi:10.38122/ased.1503252
Chicago Eser, Esen. “Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları”. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 192-213. https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.1503252.
EndNote Eser E (01 Aralık 2025) Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9 2 192–213.
IEEE E. Eser, “Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları”, ASED, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 192–213, 2025, doi: 10.38122/ased.1503252.
ISNAD Eser, Esen. “Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları”. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9/2 (Aralık2025), 192-213. https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.1503252.
JAMA Eser E. Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları. ASED. 2025;9:192–213.
MLA Eser, Esen. “Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları”. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 192-13, doi:10.38122/ased.1503252.
Vancouver Eser E. Etnik Krizler Odağında AB’nin Anti-Terörizm Politikaları. ASED. 2025;9(2):192-213.