Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Mother's View’s Of Children Who Are Disabled And Typically Developed: Sexual Abuse

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 112 - 133, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.62.3

Abstract

Child sexual abuse is a growing social problem. Considering the negative effects on children, it is necessary to teach children the skills of protection from sexual abuse. The aim of this study is to examine mothers' views on the protection skills of children from sexual abuse. This research carried out qualitatively. Thirty-three mothers who had disabled or typically developed child in preschool period participated in the study. This research is a case study. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. It was analyzed with the content analysis method. Most of the participants stated that their child knows his genital parts with the correct terminology, he can exhibit protective skills against unsafe touches, and can report a possible sexual abuse case to a person he trusts, but cannot recognize unsafe touches. When the opinions of the participants who disabled children and who had typically developing children were compared; It has been determined that disabled children are more vulnerable to sexual abuse involving unsafe touches, have more limitations in recognizing unsafe touches, and have more difficulty in demonstrating disclosing skills to a person they trust, compared to their typically developing peers. Based on the opinions of the participant’s, it has been determined that disabled children have limitations in self protection skills for sexual abuse compared to their typically developing peers. The findings are discussed in light of the available literature. To protect disabled children from sexual abuse, family training and child-based prevention programs should be established and further research should be conducted for more reliable findings.Keywords: 3-5 keywords should be added here. Only the first letter of the first keyword should be capitalized, there should be a comma between the words and a period at the end. The keywords should be chosen from words that can distinguish the article from other articles. General expressions (such as prospective teachers, geography lessons) that can be taken in every study should not be chosen.

References

  • Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Albayrak-Kaymak, D., Uysal, O., & Ilter, O. (2006). Sexual abuse among female high school students in Istanbul, Turkey. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 30(3), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.012
  • American Psycologhy Association. (2017). Sexual Abuse. http://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/
  • Aktepe, E. (2009). Çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 95-119.
  • Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016). Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697312
  • Babatsikos, G. (2010), Parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices about preventing child sexual abuse: a literature review. Child Abuse Rev., 19: 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1102
  • Babatsikos, G., & Miles, D. (2015). How parents manage the risk of child sexual abuse: A grounded theory. Journal of child sexual abuse, 24(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.981352
  • Balogh, R., Bretherton, K., Whibley, S., Berney, T., Graham, S., Richold, P., Worsley, C., & Firth, H. (2001). Sexual abuse in children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 45(3), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00293.x
  • Barron, I., Allardyce, S., Young, H., & Levit, R. (2019). Exploration of the Relationship between Severe and Complex Disabilities and Child Sexual Abuse: A Call for Relevant Research. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 28(7), 759-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1645782
  • Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S., & Tonia, T. (2013). The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of public health, 58(3), 469-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0426-1
  • Bowers Andrews, A., & Veronen, L. J. (1993). Sexual assault and people with disabilities. Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality, 8(2), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1300/J291v08n02_08
  • Bowman, R. A., Scotti, J. R., & Morris, T. L. (2010). Sexual abuse prevention: A training program for developmental disabilities service providers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(2), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538711003614718
  • Boyle, C. L., & Lutzker, J. R. (2005). Teaching young children to discriminate abusive from nonabusive situations using multiple exemplars in a modified discrete trial teaching format. Journal of Family Violence, 20(2), 55-69. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-005-3169-4
  • Brilleslijper-Kater, S. N., Friedrich, W. N., & Corwin, D. L. (2004). Sexual knowledge and emotional reaction as indicators of sexual abuse in young children: Theory and research challenges. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(10), 1007–1017. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.005.
  • Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological bulletin, 99(1), 66-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66
  • Brunes, A., & Heir, T. (2018). Sexual assaults in individuals with visual impairment: A cross-sectional study of a Norwegian sample. BMJ Open, 8(6), e021602. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021602
  • Burgess, E. S., & Wurtele, S. K. (1998). Enhancing parent-child communication about sexual abuse: A pilot study. Child abuse & neglect, 22(11), 1167-1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00094-5
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  • Çalışandemir, F., Bencik, S., & Artan, İ. (2010). Çocukların cinsel eğitimi: geçmişten günümüze bir bakış. Eğitim ve Bilim, 33(150), 15-27.
  • Davies, E. A., & Jones, A. C. (2013). Risk factors in child sexual abuse. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 20(3), 146-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.06.005
  • Deering, R., & Mellor, D. (2011). An exploratory qualitative study of the self-reported impact of female-perpetrated childhood sexual abuse. Journal of child sexual abuse, 20(1), 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.539964
  • Easton, S. D., Saltzman, L. Y., & Willis, D. G. (2014). “Would you tell under circumstances like that?”: Barriers to disclosure of child sexual abuse for men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(4), 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034223
  • Edgardh, K., & Ormstad, K. (2000). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual abuse in a national sample of Swedish seventeen‐year‐old boys and girls. Acta paediatrica, 89(3), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802584635
  • Elrod, J. M., & Rubin, R. H. (1993). Parental involvement in sexual abuse prevention education. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(4), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(93)90027-3
  • El-Shaieb, M., & Wurtele, S. K. (2009). Parents' plans to discuss sexuality with their young children. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 4(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546120903001357
  • Ersoy, Ö. A., & Özkan, H. K. (2017). Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarının Cinsel İstismara İlişkin Bilgilerinin İncelenmesi: Nitel Bir Bakış. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 6(1), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.321446 Finkelhor, D. (1984). Chıld Sexual Abuse: New Theory And Research. Free Press
  • Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 19(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0035.
  • Finkelhor, D., Moore, D., Hamby, S. L., & Straus, M. A. (1997). Sexually abused children in a national survey of parents: methodological issues. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00127-5
  • Greenspan, S. (2006). Mental retardation in the real world: Why the AAMR definition is not there yet. In H. N. Switsky & S. Greenspan (Eds.), What is mental retardation? Ideas for an evolving disability in the 21st century (rev. ed., pp. 165–183). American Association on Mental Retardation.
  • Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J.M., & Pullen, P.C. (2014). Exceptional Learners An Introduction to Special Education 12th Edition. Pearson.
  • Hazzard, A., Webb, C., Kleemeier, C., Angert, L., & Pohl, J. (1991). Child sexual abuse prevention: evaluation and one-year follow-up. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15(1-2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(91)90097-W
  • Healy, E., McGuire, B. E., Evans, D. S., & Carley, S. N. (2009). Sexuality and personal relationships for people with an intellectual disability. Part I: service‐user perspectives. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(11), 905-912. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01203.x
  • Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Trends in children's disclosure of abuse in Israel: A national study. Child abuse & neglect, 29(11), 1203-1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.008
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Horowitz, D. (2007). Victimization of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 629-635. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.629
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(2), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.004
  • Hingsburger, D. (1991). I contact: Sexuality and people with developmental disabilities. Mountville, PA: VIDA Publishing.
  • Isler, A., Tas, F., Beytut, D., & Conk, Z. (2009). Sexuality in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Sexuality and disability, 27(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-009-9107-2
  • İlden Koçkar, A. (2002).Çocuk Cinsel İstismarını önleme: Stratejileri ve bundan sonraki adımlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 24 (1), 81-83.
  • Jensen, T. K., Gulbrandsen, W., Mossige, S., Reichelt, S., & Tjersland, O. A. (2005). Reporting possible sexual abuse: A qualitative study on children's perspectives and the context for disclosure. Child abuse & neglect, 29(12), 1395-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.07.004
  • Jones, L., Bellis, M. A., Wood, S., Hughes, K., McCoy, E., Eckley, L., Bates, G., Mikton, C., Shakespeare, T., & Officer, A. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The Lancet, 380(9845), 899-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60692-8
  • Kelley, S. D., & Moore, J. E. (2000). Abuse and violence in the lives of people with low vision: a national survey. RE: view, 31(4), 155-164.
  • Kenny, M. C., & Wurtele, S. K. (2008). Preschoolers’ knowledge of genital terminology: A comparison of English and Spanish speakers. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 3(4), 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546120802372008
  • Kenny, M. C., Capri, V., Ryan, E. E., & Runyon, M. K. (2008). Child sexual abuse: from prevention to self‐protection. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 17(1), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1012
  • Kılıç, Y. (2013). Cinsel İstismar Mağduru Olan Ve Olmayan 11 Ve 18 Yaş Arasındaki Bir Grup Kız Çocuğun Sosyo-Demografik Özellikler Ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Bakımından Karşılaştırılması [The comparison of socio-demographic characteristics and psychological symptoms in a group girl of with and without sexual abuse victims who are 11 to 18 ages]. (Tez Numarası: 459983) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi] . Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Kim, Y. R. (2010). Personal Safety Programs for Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45(2), 312-319.
  • Koten, Y., Tuğlu, C., & Abay, E. (1996). Üniversite öğrencileri arasında ensest bildirimi. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi Özet Kitabı, 154.
  • Krupa, C., & Esmail, S. (2010). Sexual health education for children with visual impairments: Talking about sex is not enough. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 104(6), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X1010400603
  • Kvale, S. (1994). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Kvam, M. H. (2005). Experiences of childhood sexual abuse among visually impaired adults in Norway: Prevalence and characteristics. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 99(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0509900102
  • Llewellyn, G., Wayland, S., & Hindmarsh, G. (2016). Disability and child sexual abuse in institutional contexts. Sydney, Australia: Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
  • London, K., Bruck, M., Wright, D. B., & Ceci, S. J. (2008). Review of the contemporary literature on how children report sexual abuse to others: Findings, methodological issues, and implications for forensic interviewers. Memory, 16(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701725732
  • Mandan Sürücü, S., & Akçin, N. (2009). 11-17 yaş orta düzeyde zihin engelli kız ergenlerin temel cinsel bilgi ve cinsel istismarı algılamalarının belirlenmesi [The determination of the basic sexual knowledge and the perception of sexual abuse of the adolescent girls ages between 11-17 with moderate mental retarded ] (Tez Numarası: 250806) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi] . Yüskeköğretim Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Manion, I. G., McIntyre, J., Firestone, P., Ligezinska, M., Ensom, R., & Wells, G. (1996). Secondary traumatization in parents following the disclosure of extrafamilial child sexual abuse: Initial effects. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(11), 1095-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(96)00098-1
  • Martinello, E. (2014). Reviewing strategies for risk reduction of sexual abuse of children with intellectual disabilities: A focus on early intervention. Sexuality and Disability, 32(2), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-014-9345-9
  • Mathoma, A. M., Maripe-Perera, D. B., Khumalo, L. P., Mbayi, B. L., & Seloilwe, E. S. (2006). Knowledge and perceptions of parents regarding child sexual abuse in Botswana and Swaziland. Journal of pediatric nursing, 21(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2005.08.002
  • McCarty, L.M. (1986). Mother-child incest: characteristics of the offender. Child welfare, 65(5), 447-58 .
  • McElvaney, R., Greene, S., & Hogan, D. (2014). To Tell or Not to Tell? Factors Influencing Young People’s Informal Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(5), 928–947. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506281
  • McGuire, B. E., & Bayley, A. A. (2011). Relationships, sexuality and decision-making capacity in people with an intellectual disability. Current opinion in psychiatry, 24(5), 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328349bbcb
  • Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Metin, M. (Ed.). (2015). Kuramdan uygulamaya eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Metin, M., (2015). Kuramdan uygulamaya eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (2. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. sage.
  • Modelli, M. E. S., Galvão, M. F., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Child sexual abuse. Forensic Science International, 217(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.006
  • Morrison, S. E., Bruce, C., & Wilson, S. (2018). Children’s Disclosure of Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research Exploring Barriers and Facilitators. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 176-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425943
  • Muccigrosso, L. (1991). Sexual abuse prevention strategies and programs for persons with developmental disabilities. Sexuality and Disability, 9(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102396
  • Nunan, D., & David, N. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pava, W. S. (1994). Visually Impaired Persons’ Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Assault. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 88(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X9408800205
  • Phasha, T. N., & Nyokangi, D. (2012). School-based sexual violence among female learners with mild intellectual disability in South Africa. Violence against women, 18(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/: 10.1177/1077801212444578
  • Piaget, J. (1963) The origins of intelligence in children. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
  • Plummer, S.-B., & Findley, P. A. (2012). Women With Disabilities’ Experience With Physical and Sexual Abuse: Review of the Literature and Implications for the Field. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 13(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838011426014
  • Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006
  • Ratto, R., & Bogat, G. A. (1990). An evaluation of a preschool curriculum to educate children in the prevention of sexual abuse. Journal of Community Psychology, 18(3), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199007)18:3<289::AID-JCOP2290180310>3.0.CO;2-1
  • Reiter, S., Bryen, D. N., & Shachar, I. (2007). Adolescents with intellectual disabilities as victims of abuse. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(4), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507084602
  • Rose, L. M. (2020). Prevention programs against child sexual abuse for preschool-aged children: A systematic literature review from 1980-2020 (Publication No. 1428079) [Master thesis, Jönköping University. Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet.
  • Rounds Jr, D. L. (1996). Victimization of individuals with legal blindness: Nature and forms of victimization. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199624)14:1<29::AID-BSL222>3.0.CO;2-8
  • Rudolph, J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2018a). Parents as protectors: A qualitative study of parents’ views on child sexual abuse prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 85, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.016
  • Rudolph, J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2018b). Reviewing the focus: A summary and critique of child-focused sexual abuse prevention. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(5), 543-554. DOI: 10.1177/1524838016675478
  • Russell D, Higgins D, Posso A. Preventing child sexual abuse: A systematic review of interventions and their efficacy in developing countries. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020 Apr;102:104395. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104395 . PMID: 32062425
  • Sanders, M. R., Cann, W., & Markie‐Dadds, C. (2003). The Triple P‐Positive Parenting Programme: a universal population‐level approach to the prevention of child abuse. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 12(3), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.798
  • Shindell, P. E. (1975). Sex education programs and the mentally retarded. Journal of School Health, 45(2), 88-90.
  • Skarbek, D., Hahn, K., & Parrish, P. (2009). Stop Sexual Abuse in Special Education: An Ecological Model of Prevention and Intervention Strategies for Sexual Abuse in Special Education. Sexuality and Disability, 27(3), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-009-9127-y
  • Simons, J., & Dedroog, I. (2009). Body awareness in children with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1343-1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.001
  • Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child maltreatment, 16(2), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
  • Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1257-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00190-3
  • Swerdlin, A., Berkowitz, C., & Craft, N. (2007). Cutaneous signs of child abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57(3), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.001
  • Taylor, J., Stalker, K., Fry, D., & Stewart, A. (2014). Disabled children and child protection in Scotland: An investigation into the relationship between professional practice, child protection and disability. Scottish Government.
  • Topping, K. J., & Barron, I. G. (2009). School-based child sexual abuse prevention programs: A review of effectiveness. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 431-463. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325582
  • Türnüklü, A. (2000). Eğitimbilim araştırmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabilecek nitel bir araştırma tekniği: Görüşme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 6(4), 543-559.
  • WHO. (2003). Guidelines for Medicolegal Care for Victims of Sexual Violence. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/publications/2004/924154628x.pdf.
  • Wissink, I. B., Van Vugt, E., Moonen, X., Stams, G.J. J. M., & Hendriks, J. (2015). Sexual abuse involving children with an intellectual disability (ID): A narrative review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 20–35. doi:10.1016/j.ridd. 2014.09.007.
  • Wurtele, S. K. (2008). Behavioral approaches to educating young children and their parents about child sexual abuse prevention. The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention, 1(1), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100434
  • Wurtele, S. K., Kvaternick, M., & Franklin, C. F. (1992). Sexual abuse prevention for preschoolers: A survey of parents' behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v01n01_08
  • Wurtele, S. K., Melzer, A. M., & Kast, L. C. (1992). Preschoolers' knowledge of and ability to learn genital terminology. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 18(2), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1992.11074045
  • Wurtele, S. K., Moreno, T., & Kenny, M. C. (2008). Evaluation of a sexual abuse prevention workshop for parents of young children. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1(04), 331–340. doi:10.1080/19361520802505768
  • Wurtele, S. K., & Owens, J. S. (1997). Teaching personal safety skills to young children: an investigation of age and gender across five studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(8), 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00040-9
  • Xie, Q. W., Qiao, D. P., & Wang, X. L. (2016). Parent-involved prevention of child sexual abuse: a qualitative exploration of parents’ perceptions and practices in Beijing. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(3), 999-1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0277-5
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Yüksel, F., & Koçtürk, N. (2020). Child sexual abuse in preschool age: Victims, perpetrators and familial risk factors. Children and Youth Services Review, 117, 105297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105297
  • Zoroğlu, S. S., Tüzün, U., Şar, V., Öztürk, M., Kara, M. E., & Alyanak, B. (2001). Çocukluk döneminde ihmal ve istismarın olası sonuçlarının incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(2), 69-78.

Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 112 - 133, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.62.3

Abstract

Çocuk cinsel istismarı her geçen gün büyüyen toplumsal bir sorundur. Çocuklar üzerinde oluşturduğu olumsuz etkiler düşünüldüğünde cinsel istismardan korunma becerilerinin çocuklara kazandırılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı cinsel istismardan korunma konusunda annelerin görüşlerini incelemektir.Araştırmanın deseni, nitel araştırma modellerinden çoklu durum modeli olmuştur. Çalışma grubunu çocukları okul öncesi dönemde olan anneler oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcı grup 33 anneden oluşmaktadır.23’ü yetersizlikten etkilenmiş (YE), 10’u tipik gelişim gösteren (TGG) çocuğa sahiptir. Veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formuyla toplanmış ve betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir.Her iki grupta yer alan annelerin çoğunluğu, çocuklarının; genital bölgelerini bildiğini, çocuklarının güvenli olmayan dokunuşlara karşı kendini koruma davranışı sergileyebileceğini ve olası bir cinsel istismarı güvendiği bir kişiye bildirebileceğini ifade etmiştir. Diğer yandan katılımcılar çocuklarının uygun ve uyun olmayan dokunuşları ayırt edemeyeceğini bildirmiştir. YE çocuğa sahip olan anneler ile TGG çocuğa sahip olan annelerin görüşleri karşılaştırıldığında YE çocukların annelerinin TGG çocuk annelerine göre güvenli olmayan dokunuşlara karşı daha korunmasız olduğu, , güvenli olmayan dokunuşları ayırt etmekte daha fazla sınırlılık yaşadıkları ve cinsel istismar vakasını güvendiği bir kişiye bildirme becerisini sergilemekte daha fazla güçlük çektiklerini yönünde görüş bildirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, yetersizlikten etkilenmiş çocuk annelerinin çocuklarının cinsel istismardan korunma becerileri sergileme konusunda sınırlılık yaşadığını düşündüklerini ortaya koymuştur . Ayrıca literatür çerçevesinde tartışılan bulguların YE çocukların cinsel istismardan korunma becerileri konusunda ailelerin eğitim gereksinimleri ve müdahale programları oluşturmaya yönelik fikir verebileceği belirlenmiş ve ileri araştırmalar içim önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Albayrak-Kaymak, D., Uysal, O., & Ilter, O. (2006). Sexual abuse among female high school students in Istanbul, Turkey. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 30(3), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.012
  • American Psycologhy Association. (2017). Sexual Abuse. http://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-abuse/
  • Aktepe, E. (2009). Çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 95-119.
  • Alaggia, R., Collin-Vézina, D., & Lateef, R. (2019). Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016). Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697312
  • Babatsikos, G. (2010), Parents' knowledge, attitudes and practices about preventing child sexual abuse: a literature review. Child Abuse Rev., 19: 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1102
  • Babatsikos, G., & Miles, D. (2015). How parents manage the risk of child sexual abuse: A grounded theory. Journal of child sexual abuse, 24(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.981352
  • Balogh, R., Bretherton, K., Whibley, S., Berney, T., Graham, S., Richold, P., Worsley, C., & Firth, H. (2001). Sexual abuse in children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 45(3), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00293.x
  • Barron, I., Allardyce, S., Young, H., & Levit, R. (2019). Exploration of the Relationship between Severe and Complex Disabilities and Child Sexual Abuse: A Call for Relevant Research. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 28(7), 759-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2019.1645782
  • Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S., & Tonia, T. (2013). The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of public health, 58(3), 469-483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0426-1
  • Bowers Andrews, A., & Veronen, L. J. (1993). Sexual assault and people with disabilities. Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality, 8(2), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1300/J291v08n02_08
  • Bowman, R. A., Scotti, J. R., & Morris, T. L. (2010). Sexual abuse prevention: A training program for developmental disabilities service providers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(2), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538711003614718
  • Boyle, C. L., & Lutzker, J. R. (2005). Teaching young children to discriminate abusive from nonabusive situations using multiple exemplars in a modified discrete trial teaching format. Journal of Family Violence, 20(2), 55-69. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-005-3169-4
  • Brilleslijper-Kater, S. N., Friedrich, W. N., & Corwin, D. L. (2004). Sexual knowledge and emotional reaction as indicators of sexual abuse in young children: Theory and research challenges. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(10), 1007–1017. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.005.
  • Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological bulletin, 99(1), 66-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66
  • Brunes, A., & Heir, T. (2018). Sexual assaults in individuals with visual impairment: A cross-sectional study of a Norwegian sample. BMJ Open, 8(6), e021602. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021602
  • Burgess, E. S., & Wurtele, S. K. (1998). Enhancing parent-child communication about sexual abuse: A pilot study. Child abuse & neglect, 22(11), 1167-1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00094-5
  • Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  • Çalışandemir, F., Bencik, S., & Artan, İ. (2010). Çocukların cinsel eğitimi: geçmişten günümüze bir bakış. Eğitim ve Bilim, 33(150), 15-27.
  • Davies, E. A., & Jones, A. C. (2013). Risk factors in child sexual abuse. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 20(3), 146-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.06.005
  • Deering, R., & Mellor, D. (2011). An exploratory qualitative study of the self-reported impact of female-perpetrated childhood sexual abuse. Journal of child sexual abuse, 20(1), 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.539964
  • Easton, S. D., Saltzman, L. Y., & Willis, D. G. (2014). “Would you tell under circumstances like that?”: Barriers to disclosure of child sexual abuse for men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(4), 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034223
  • Edgardh, K., & Ormstad, K. (2000). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual abuse in a national sample of Swedish seventeen‐year‐old boys and girls. Acta paediatrica, 89(3), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802584635
  • Elrod, J. M., & Rubin, R. H. (1993). Parental involvement in sexual abuse prevention education. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(4), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(93)90027-3
  • El-Shaieb, M., & Wurtele, S. K. (2009). Parents' plans to discuss sexuality with their young children. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 4(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546120903001357
  • Ersoy, Ö. A., & Özkan, H. K. (2017). Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarının Cinsel İstismara İlişkin Bilgilerinin İncelenmesi: Nitel Bir Bakış. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 6(1), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.321446 Finkelhor, D. (1984). Chıld Sexual Abuse: New Theory And Research. Free Press
  • Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 19(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0035.
  • Finkelhor, D., Moore, D., Hamby, S. L., & Straus, M. A. (1997). Sexually abused children in a national survey of parents: methodological issues. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00127-5
  • Greenspan, S. (2006). Mental retardation in the real world: Why the AAMR definition is not there yet. In H. N. Switsky & S. Greenspan (Eds.), What is mental retardation? Ideas for an evolving disability in the 21st century (rev. ed., pp. 165–183). American Association on Mental Retardation.
  • Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J.M., & Pullen, P.C. (2014). Exceptional Learners An Introduction to Special Education 12th Edition. Pearson.
  • Hazzard, A., Webb, C., Kleemeier, C., Angert, L., & Pohl, J. (1991). Child sexual abuse prevention: evaluation and one-year follow-up. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15(1-2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(91)90097-W
  • Healy, E., McGuire, B. E., Evans, D. S., & Carley, S. N. (2009). Sexuality and personal relationships for people with an intellectual disability. Part I: service‐user perspectives. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(11), 905-912. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01203.x
  • Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Trends in children's disclosure of abuse in Israel: A national study. Child abuse & neglect, 29(11), 1203-1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.008
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Horowitz, D. (2007). Victimization of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 629-635. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.629
  • Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(2), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.004
  • Hingsburger, D. (1991). I contact: Sexuality and people with developmental disabilities. Mountville, PA: VIDA Publishing.
  • Isler, A., Tas, F., Beytut, D., & Conk, Z. (2009). Sexuality in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Sexuality and disability, 27(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-009-9107-2
  • İlden Koçkar, A. (2002).Çocuk Cinsel İstismarını önleme: Stratejileri ve bundan sonraki adımlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 24 (1), 81-83.
  • Jensen, T. K., Gulbrandsen, W., Mossige, S., Reichelt, S., & Tjersland, O. A. (2005). Reporting possible sexual abuse: A qualitative study on children's perspectives and the context for disclosure. Child abuse & neglect, 29(12), 1395-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.07.004
  • Jones, L., Bellis, M. A., Wood, S., Hughes, K., McCoy, E., Eckley, L., Bates, G., Mikton, C., Shakespeare, T., & Officer, A. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The Lancet, 380(9845), 899-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60692-8
  • Kelley, S. D., & Moore, J. E. (2000). Abuse and violence in the lives of people with low vision: a national survey. RE: view, 31(4), 155-164.
  • Kenny, M. C., & Wurtele, S. K. (2008). Preschoolers’ knowledge of genital terminology: A comparison of English and Spanish speakers. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 3(4), 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546120802372008
  • Kenny, M. C., Capri, V., Ryan, E. E., & Runyon, M. K. (2008). Child sexual abuse: from prevention to self‐protection. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 17(1), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1012
  • Kılıç, Y. (2013). Cinsel İstismar Mağduru Olan Ve Olmayan 11 Ve 18 Yaş Arasındaki Bir Grup Kız Çocuğun Sosyo-Demografik Özellikler Ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Bakımından Karşılaştırılması [The comparison of socio-demographic characteristics and psychological symptoms in a group girl of with and without sexual abuse victims who are 11 to 18 ages]. (Tez Numarası: 459983) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi] . Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Kim, Y. R. (2010). Personal Safety Programs for Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45(2), 312-319.
  • Koten, Y., Tuğlu, C., & Abay, E. (1996). Üniversite öğrencileri arasında ensest bildirimi. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi Özet Kitabı, 154.
  • Krupa, C., & Esmail, S. (2010). Sexual health education for children with visual impairments: Talking about sex is not enough. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 104(6), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X1010400603
  • Kvale, S. (1994). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Kvam, M. H. (2005). Experiences of childhood sexual abuse among visually impaired adults in Norway: Prevalence and characteristics. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 99(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0509900102
  • Llewellyn, G., Wayland, S., & Hindmarsh, G. (2016). Disability and child sexual abuse in institutional contexts. Sydney, Australia: Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
  • London, K., Bruck, M., Wright, D. B., & Ceci, S. J. (2008). Review of the contemporary literature on how children report sexual abuse to others: Findings, methodological issues, and implications for forensic interviewers. Memory, 16(1), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701725732
  • Mandan Sürücü, S., & Akçin, N. (2009). 11-17 yaş orta düzeyde zihin engelli kız ergenlerin temel cinsel bilgi ve cinsel istismarı algılamalarının belirlenmesi [The determination of the basic sexual knowledge and the perception of sexual abuse of the adolescent girls ages between 11-17 with moderate mental retarded ] (Tez Numarası: 250806) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi] . Yüskeköğretim Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Manion, I. G., McIntyre, J., Firestone, P., Ligezinska, M., Ensom, R., & Wells, G. (1996). Secondary traumatization in parents following the disclosure of extrafamilial child sexual abuse: Initial effects. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(11), 1095-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(96)00098-1
  • Martinello, E. (2014). Reviewing strategies for risk reduction of sexual abuse of children with intellectual disabilities: A focus on early intervention. Sexuality and Disability, 32(2), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-014-9345-9
  • Mathoma, A. M., Maripe-Perera, D. B., Khumalo, L. P., Mbayi, B. L., & Seloilwe, E. S. (2006). Knowledge and perceptions of parents regarding child sexual abuse in Botswana and Swaziland. Journal of pediatric nursing, 21(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2005.08.002
  • McCarty, L.M. (1986). Mother-child incest: characteristics of the offender. Child welfare, 65(5), 447-58 .
  • McElvaney, R., Greene, S., & Hogan, D. (2014). To Tell or Not to Tell? Factors Influencing Young People’s Informal Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(5), 928–947. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513506281
  • McGuire, B. E., & Bayley, A. A. (2011). Relationships, sexuality and decision-making capacity in people with an intellectual disability. Current opinion in psychiatry, 24(5), 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328349bbcb
  • Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Metin, M. (Ed.). (2015). Kuramdan uygulamaya eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
  • Metin, M., (2015). Kuramdan uygulamaya eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (2. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. sage.
  • Modelli, M. E. S., Galvão, M. F., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Child sexual abuse. Forensic Science International, 217(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.006
  • Morrison, S. E., Bruce, C., & Wilson, S. (2018). Children’s Disclosure of Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research Exploring Barriers and Facilitators. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(2), 176-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1425943
  • Muccigrosso, L. (1991). Sexual abuse prevention strategies and programs for persons with developmental disabilities. Sexuality and Disability, 9(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102396
  • Nunan, D., & David, N. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pava, W. S. (1994). Visually Impaired Persons’ Vulnerability to Sexual and Physical Assault. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 88(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X9408800205
  • Phasha, T. N., & Nyokangi, D. (2012). School-based sexual violence among female learners with mild intellectual disability in South Africa. Violence against women, 18(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/: 10.1177/1077801212444578
  • Piaget, J. (1963) The origins of intelligence in children. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
  • Plummer, S.-B., & Findley, P. A. (2012). Women With Disabilities’ Experience With Physical and Sexual Abuse: Review of the Literature and Implications for the Field. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 13(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838011426014
  • Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006
  • Ratto, R., & Bogat, G. A. (1990). An evaluation of a preschool curriculum to educate children in the prevention of sexual abuse. Journal of Community Psychology, 18(3), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199007)18:3<289::AID-JCOP2290180310>3.0.CO;2-1
  • Reiter, S., Bryen, D. N., & Shachar, I. (2007). Adolescents with intellectual disabilities as victims of abuse. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(4), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507084602
  • Rose, L. M. (2020). Prevention programs against child sexual abuse for preschool-aged children: A systematic literature review from 1980-2020 (Publication No. 1428079) [Master thesis, Jönköping University. Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet.
  • Rounds Jr, D. L. (1996). Victimization of individuals with legal blindness: Nature and forms of victimization. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199624)14:1<29::AID-BSL222>3.0.CO;2-8
  • Rudolph, J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2018a). Parents as protectors: A qualitative study of parents’ views on child sexual abuse prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 85, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.016
  • Rudolph, J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2018b). Reviewing the focus: A summary and critique of child-focused sexual abuse prevention. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(5), 543-554. DOI: 10.1177/1524838016675478
  • Russell D, Higgins D, Posso A. Preventing child sexual abuse: A systematic review of interventions and their efficacy in developing countries. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020 Apr;102:104395. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104395 . PMID: 32062425
  • Sanders, M. R., Cann, W., & Markie‐Dadds, C. (2003). The Triple P‐Positive Parenting Programme: a universal population‐level approach to the prevention of child abuse. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, 12(3), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.798
  • Shindell, P. E. (1975). Sex education programs and the mentally retarded. Journal of School Health, 45(2), 88-90.
  • Skarbek, D., Hahn, K., & Parrish, P. (2009). Stop Sexual Abuse in Special Education: An Ecological Model of Prevention and Intervention Strategies for Sexual Abuse in Special Education. Sexuality and Disability, 27(3), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-009-9127-y
  • Simons, J., & Dedroog, I. (2009). Body awareness in children with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1343-1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.001
  • Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child maltreatment, 16(2), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
  • Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1257-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00190-3
  • Swerdlin, A., Berkowitz, C., & Craft, N. (2007). Cutaneous signs of child abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57(3), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.06.001
  • Taylor, J., Stalker, K., Fry, D., & Stewart, A. (2014). Disabled children and child protection in Scotland: An investigation into the relationship between professional practice, child protection and disability. Scottish Government.
  • Topping, K. J., & Barron, I. G. (2009). School-based child sexual abuse prevention programs: A review of effectiveness. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 431-463. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325582
  • Türnüklü, A. (2000). Eğitimbilim araştırmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabilecek nitel bir araştırma tekniği: Görüşme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 6(4), 543-559.
  • WHO. (2003). Guidelines for Medicolegal Care for Victims of Sexual Violence. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/publications/2004/924154628x.pdf.
  • Wissink, I. B., Van Vugt, E., Moonen, X., Stams, G.J. J. M., & Hendriks, J. (2015). Sexual abuse involving children with an intellectual disability (ID): A narrative review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 20–35. doi:10.1016/j.ridd. 2014.09.007.
  • Wurtele, S. K. (2008). Behavioral approaches to educating young children and their parents about child sexual abuse prevention. The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention, 1(1), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100434
  • Wurtele, S. K., Kvaternick, M., & Franklin, C. F. (1992). Sexual abuse prevention for preschoolers: A survey of parents' behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v01n01_08
  • Wurtele, S. K., Melzer, A. M., & Kast, L. C. (1992). Preschoolers' knowledge of and ability to learn genital terminology. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 18(2), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1992.11074045
  • Wurtele, S. K., Moreno, T., & Kenny, M. C. (2008). Evaluation of a sexual abuse prevention workshop for parents of young children. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1(04), 331–340. doi:10.1080/19361520802505768
  • Wurtele, S. K., & Owens, J. S. (1997). Teaching personal safety skills to young children: an investigation of age and gender across five studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(8), 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00040-9
  • Xie, Q. W., Qiao, D. P., & Wang, X. L. (2016). Parent-involved prevention of child sexual abuse: a qualitative exploration of parents’ perceptions and practices in Beijing. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(3), 999-1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0277-5
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Yüksel, F., & Koçtürk, N. (2020). Child sexual abuse in preschool age: Victims, perpetrators and familial risk factors. Children and Youth Services Review, 117, 105297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105297
  • Zoroğlu, S. S., Tüzün, U., Şar, V., Öztürk, M., Kara, M. E., & Alyanak, B. (2001). Çocukluk döneminde ihmal ve istismarın olası sonuçlarının incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(2), 69-78.
There are 99 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bekir Serhat Zerey 0000-0001-6329-0322

Salih Cakmak 0000-0002-9248-0050

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Acceptance Date December 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Zerey, B. S., & Cakmak, S. (2022). Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.62.3
AMA Zerey BS, Cakmak S. Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar. ASED. December 2022;6(2):112-133. doi:10.38122/ased.62.3
Chicago Zerey, Bekir Serhat, and Salih Cakmak. “Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş Ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar”. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6, no. 2 (December 2022): 112-33. https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.62.3.
EndNote Zerey BS, Cakmak S (December 1, 2022) Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6 2 112–133.
IEEE B. S. Zerey and S. Cakmak, “Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar”, ASED, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 112–133, 2022, doi: 10.38122/ased.62.3.
ISNAD Zerey, Bekir Serhat - Cakmak, Salih. “Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş Ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar”. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6/2 (December 2022), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.38122/ased.62.3.
JAMA Zerey BS, Cakmak S. Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar. ASED. 2022;6:112–133.
MLA Zerey, Bekir Serhat and Salih Cakmak. “Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş Ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar”. Aksaray Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, 2022, pp. 112-33, doi:10.38122/ased.62.3.
Vancouver Zerey BS, Cakmak S. Yetersizlikten Etkilenmiş ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Anne Görüşleri: Cinsel İstismar. ASED. 2022;6(2):112-33.