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Determinants and Impacts of Technological Inequalities: A Review on the Digital Divide

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 28 - 43, 28.03.2024

Öz

The digital divide, one of the social-scale technological problems of the information age, is used at the conceptual level to express the differences in access and use of information and communication technologies between people and regions. This study examines the determinants, historical roots, development and effects of the digital divide. Within the framework of the concept of the digital divide, its relationship with factors such as education, socioeconomic status, geographical location and gender is emphasized; How these factors affect inequalities in technology access and use is examined. Along with its social effects, the digital divide also has many economic effetcs such as efficiency factor productivity,general and vocational education and employment, furthermore, consumption patterns. Due to its widespread effects, the digital divide is beyond being an individual-centered problem and is a phenomenon that should be carefully examined by states that take an active role in both the welfare of their citizens and the economic growth and development processes of the country. It ends by emphasizing that the digital divide is not just a technology related problem but also a matter of social justice and equality.

Kaynakça

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  • Alozie, N. O., & Akpan‐Obong, P. (2017). The digital gender divide: Confronting obstacles to women's development in Africa. Development Policy Review, 35(2), 137-160.
  • Anderson, R., & Ainley, J. (2010). Technology and learning: Access in schools around the world. International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 21-33.
  • Antonelli, C. (2003). The digital divide: understanding the economics of new information and communication technology in the global economy. Information economics and policy, 15(2), 173-199.
  • Arachchilage, N. A. G., & Love, S. (2014). Security awareness of computer users: A phishing threat avoidance perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 304-312.
  • Arroyo, L. (2020). Implications of digital inclusion: Digitalization in terms of time use from a gender perspective. Social Inclusion, 8(2), 180-189.
  • Bala, S., & Singhal, P. (2018). Gender digital divide in India: a case of inter-regional analysis of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society.
  • Bawden, D. (2008). Origins and concepts of digital literacy. Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices, 30(2008), 17-32.
  • Belanger, F., & Carter, L. (2009). The impact of the digital divide on e-government use. Communications of the ACM, 52(4), 132-135.
  • Bertot, J. C. (2003). The multiple dimensions of the digital divide: more than the technology'haves' and'have nots'. Government Information Quarterly, 2(20), 185-191.
  • Brooks, S., Donovan, P., & Rumble, C. (2005). Developing nations, the digital divide and research databases. Serials Review, 31(4), 270-278.
  • Broos, A., & Roe, K. (2006). The digital divide in the playstation generation: Self-efficacy, locus of control and ICT adoption among adolescents. Poetics, 34(4-5), 306-317.
  • Bruce, C., Edwards, S., & Lupton, M. (2006). Six Frames for Information literacy Education: a conceptual framework for interpreting the relationships between theory and practice. Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences, 5(1), 1-18.
  • Bruno, G., Esposito, E., Genovese, A., & Gwebu, K. L. (2011). A critical analysis of current indexes for digital divide measurement. The information society, 27(1), 16-28.
  • Burbules, N. C., & Callister Jr, T. A. (2000). Universities in transition: The promise and the challenge of new technologies. Teachers College Record, 102(2), 271-293.
  • Bynum, T. W., & Rogerson, S. (2003). Computer ethics and professional responsibility: introductory text and readings. Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
  • Cao, W., & Li, T. (2020). COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell research, 30(5), 367-369.
  • Chakraborty, J., & Bosman, M. M. (2005). Measuring the digital divide in the United States: Race, income, and personal computer ownership. The Professional Geographer, 57(3), 395-410.
  • Cheng, H. K., Sims, R. R., & Teegen, H. (1997). To purchase or to pirate software: An empirical study. Journal of management information systems, 13(4), 49-60.
  • Clement, A., & Shade, L. R. (2000). The access rainbow: Conceptualizing universal access to the information/communications infrastructure. In Community informatics: Enabling communities with information and communications technologies (pp. 32-51). IGI Global.
  • Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., & Green, O. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. Lancet, 395(10231).
  • Codoban, I. (2005). Internet usage and gender digital divide in a Romanian students' sample. PsychNology J., 3(3), 265-291.
  • Cooke, L., & Greenwood, H. (2008). “Cleaners don't need computers”: bridging the digital divide in the workplace. Aslib, 60, 143-157.
  • Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of computer assisted learning, 22(5), 320-334.
  • Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Bacao, F. (2012). Digital divide across the European Union. Information & Management, 49(6), 278-291.
  • De Haan, J. (2003). IT and social inequality in the Netherlands. IT & society, 1(4), 27-45.
  • DiMaggio, P., & Hargittai, E. (2001). From the ‘digital divide’to ‘digital inequality’: Studying Internet use as penetration increases. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, 4(1), 4-2.
  • Dobransky, K., & Hargittai, E. (2006). The disability divide in internet access and use. Information, Communication & Society, 9(3), 313-334.
  • Dong, C., & Zhang, F. (2022). Book Review: Machine Learning and Human Intelligence: The Future of Education for the 21st Century. Policy Futures in Education, 21(2), 239-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103221117655
  • Drori, G. S., & Jang, Y. S. (2003). The global digital divide a sociological assessment of trends and causes. Social Science Computer Review, 21(2), 144-161.
  • European Commission. (2022). Shaping Europe’s digital future. Retrieved 25 Mayıs 2022 from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en
  • Fuchs, C. (2009). The role of income inequality in a multivariate cross-national analysis of the digital divide. Social Science Computer Review, 27(1), 41-58.
  • Goldhammer, F., Naumann, J., & Kebel, Y. (2013). Assessing individual differences in basic computer skills: Psychometric characteristics of an interactive performance measure. European journal of psychological assessment, 29(4), 263.
  • Hartviksen, G., Akselsen, S., & Eidsvik, A. K. (2002). MICTS: municipal ICT schools–a means for bridging the digital divide between rural and urban communities. Education and Information Technologies, 7(2), 93-109.
  • Helsper, E. J., & Smahel, D. (2020). Excessive internet use by young Europeans: psychological vulnerability and digital literacy? Information, Communication & Society, 23(9), 1255-1273.
  • Hess, F. M., & Leal, D. L. (2001). A shrinking “digital divide”? The provision of classroom computers across urban school systems. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 765-778.
  • Hilbert, M. (2011). Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics. Women's Studies International Forum, 34(6), 479-489.
  • Hindman, D. B. (2000). The rural-urban digital divide. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 549-560.
  • Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1998). Bridging the Digital Divide: The Impact of Race on Computer Access and Internet Use.
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Teknolojik Eşitsizliklerin Belirleyicileri ve Etkileri: Dijital Uçurum Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 28 - 43, 28.03.2024

Öz

Bilgi çağının toplumsal ölçekli teknolojik sorunlarından biri olan dijital uçurum, kavramsal düzeyde kişiler ve bölgeler arasında bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine erişim ve kullanım farklılıklarını ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dijital uçurumun belirleyicileri, tarihsel kökenleri, gelişimi ve etkileri incelenmektedir. Dijital uçurum kavramı çerçevesinde eğitim, sosyoekonomik statü, coğrafi konum ve cinsiyet gibi faktörlerle ilişkisi üzerinde durulmakta; bu faktörlerin teknoloji erişimi ve kullanımındaki eşitsizlikleri nasıl etkilediği incelenmektedir. Dijital uçurumun sosyal etkilerinin yanı sıra etkinlik faktörü verimliliği, genel ve mesleki eğitim ve istihdam, ayrıca tüketim kalıpları gibi birçok ekonomik etkisi de bulunmaktadır. Yaygın negatif etkileri nedeniyle dijital uçurum birey merkezli bir sorun olmanın ötesinde hem vatandaşlarının refahı hem de ülkenin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma süreçlerinde aktif rol alan devletler tarafından dikkatle incelenmesi gereken bir olgudur. Çalışma, dijital uçurumun sadece teknolojiyle ilgili bir sorun değil, aynı zamanda bir sosyal adalet ve eşitlik meselesi olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Shanab, E., & Al-Jamal, N. (2015). Exploring the gender digital divide in Jordan. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(1), 91-113.
  • Aguiar, L., & Martens, B. (2016). Digital music consumption on the internet: Evidence from clickstream data. Information economics and policy, 34, 27-43.
  • Alozie, N. O., & Akpan‐Obong, P. (2017). The digital gender divide: Confronting obstacles to women's development in Africa. Development Policy Review, 35(2), 137-160.
  • Anderson, R., & Ainley, J. (2010). Technology and learning: Access in schools around the world. International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 21-33.
  • Antonelli, C. (2003). The digital divide: understanding the economics of new information and communication technology in the global economy. Information economics and policy, 15(2), 173-199.
  • Arachchilage, N. A. G., & Love, S. (2014). Security awareness of computer users: A phishing threat avoidance perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 304-312.
  • Arroyo, L. (2020). Implications of digital inclusion: Digitalization in terms of time use from a gender perspective. Social Inclusion, 8(2), 180-189.
  • Bala, S., & Singhal, P. (2018). Gender digital divide in India: a case of inter-regional analysis of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society.
  • Bawden, D. (2008). Origins and concepts of digital literacy. Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices, 30(2008), 17-32.
  • Belanger, F., & Carter, L. (2009). The impact of the digital divide on e-government use. Communications of the ACM, 52(4), 132-135.
  • Bertot, J. C. (2003). The multiple dimensions of the digital divide: more than the technology'haves' and'have nots'. Government Information Quarterly, 2(20), 185-191.
  • Brooks, S., Donovan, P., & Rumble, C. (2005). Developing nations, the digital divide and research databases. Serials Review, 31(4), 270-278.
  • Broos, A., & Roe, K. (2006). The digital divide in the playstation generation: Self-efficacy, locus of control and ICT adoption among adolescents. Poetics, 34(4-5), 306-317.
  • Bruce, C., Edwards, S., & Lupton, M. (2006). Six Frames for Information literacy Education: a conceptual framework for interpreting the relationships between theory and practice. Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences, 5(1), 1-18.
  • Bruno, G., Esposito, E., Genovese, A., & Gwebu, K. L. (2011). A critical analysis of current indexes for digital divide measurement. The information society, 27(1), 16-28.
  • Burbules, N. C., & Callister Jr, T. A. (2000). Universities in transition: The promise and the challenge of new technologies. Teachers College Record, 102(2), 271-293.
  • Bynum, T. W., & Rogerson, S. (2003). Computer ethics and professional responsibility: introductory text and readings. Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
  • Cao, W., & Li, T. (2020). COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell research, 30(5), 367-369.
  • Chakraborty, J., & Bosman, M. M. (2005). Measuring the digital divide in the United States: Race, income, and personal computer ownership. The Professional Geographer, 57(3), 395-410.
  • Cheng, H. K., Sims, R. R., & Teegen, H. (1997). To purchase or to pirate software: An empirical study. Journal of management information systems, 13(4), 49-60.
  • Clement, A., & Shade, L. R. (2000). The access rainbow: Conceptualizing universal access to the information/communications infrastructure. In Community informatics: Enabling communities with information and communications technologies (pp. 32-51). IGI Global.
  • Cluver, L., Lachman, J. M., Sherr, L., Wessels, I., Krug, E., Rakotomalala, S., Blight, S., Hillis, S., Bachman, G., & Green, O. (2020). Parenting in a time of COVID-19. Lancet, 395(10231).
  • Codoban, I. (2005). Internet usage and gender digital divide in a Romanian students' sample. PsychNology J., 3(3), 265-291.
  • Cooke, L., & Greenwood, H. (2008). “Cleaners don't need computers”: bridging the digital divide in the workplace. Aslib, 60, 143-157.
  • Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of computer assisted learning, 22(5), 320-334.
  • Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Bacao, F. (2012). Digital divide across the European Union. Information & Management, 49(6), 278-291.
  • De Haan, J. (2003). IT and social inequality in the Netherlands. IT & society, 1(4), 27-45.
  • DiMaggio, P., & Hargittai, E. (2001). From the ‘digital divide’to ‘digital inequality’: Studying Internet use as penetration increases. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, 4(1), 4-2.
  • Dobransky, K., & Hargittai, E. (2006). The disability divide in internet access and use. Information, Communication & Society, 9(3), 313-334.
  • Dong, C., & Zhang, F. (2022). Book Review: Machine Learning and Human Intelligence: The Future of Education for the 21st Century. Policy Futures in Education, 21(2), 239-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103221117655
  • Drori, G. S., & Jang, Y. S. (2003). The global digital divide a sociological assessment of trends and causes. Social Science Computer Review, 21(2), 144-161.
  • European Commission. (2022). Shaping Europe’s digital future. Retrieved 25 Mayıs 2022 from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en
  • Fuchs, C. (2009). The role of income inequality in a multivariate cross-national analysis of the digital divide. Social Science Computer Review, 27(1), 41-58.
  • Goldhammer, F., Naumann, J., & Kebel, Y. (2013). Assessing individual differences in basic computer skills: Psychometric characteristics of an interactive performance measure. European journal of psychological assessment, 29(4), 263.
  • Hartviksen, G., Akselsen, S., & Eidsvik, A. K. (2002). MICTS: municipal ICT schools–a means for bridging the digital divide between rural and urban communities. Education and Information Technologies, 7(2), 93-109.
  • Helsper, E. J., & Smahel, D. (2020). Excessive internet use by young Europeans: psychological vulnerability and digital literacy? Information, Communication & Society, 23(9), 1255-1273.
  • Hess, F. M., & Leal, D. L. (2001). A shrinking “digital divide”? The provision of classroom computers across urban school systems. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 765-778.
  • Hilbert, M. (2011). Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics. Women's Studies International Forum, 34(6), 479-489.
  • Hindman, D. B. (2000). The rural-urban digital divide. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 549-560.
  • Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1998). Bridging the Digital Divide: The Impact of Race on Computer Access and Internet Use.
  • Hosman, L., & Pérez Comisso, M. A. (2020). How do we understand “meaningful use” of the internet? Of divides, skills and socio-technical awareness. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 18(3), 461-479.
  • Indrajit, R. E., & Wibawa, B. (2020). Portrait of higher education in the covid-19 period in a digital literacy perspective: a reflection on the online lecture process experience. 2020 Fifth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC),
  • ITU. (2020). The gender digital divide. Retrieved 20 Nisan 2022 from https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/2021/11/15/the-gender-digital-divide/
  • ITU. (2023). Measuring digital development Facts and Figures 2023 ITU.
  • Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001). The racial digital divide: Motivational, affective, and cognitive correlates of internet use 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 31(10), 2019-2046.
  • Katz, J. E., & Rice, R. E. (2002). Social consequences of Internet use: Access, involvement, and interaction. MIT press.
  • Kaye, H. S. (2000). Computer and Internet use among people with disabilities. University of California.
  • Keniston, K., & Kumar, D. (2004). IT experience in India: Bridging the digital divide. Sage.
  • Kiiski, S., & Pohjola, M. (2002). Cross-country diffusion of the Internet. Information economics and policy, 14(2), 297-310.
  • Kyriakidou, V., Michalakelis, C., & Sphicopoulos, T. (2011). Digital divide gap convergence in Europe. Technology in Society, 33(3-4), 265-270.
  • Lengsfeld, J. H. (2011). An econometric analysis of the sociodemographic topology of the digital divide in Europe. The information society, 27(3), 141-157.
  • Levine, L. (2020). Broadband adoption in urban and suburban California: Information-based outreach programs ineffective at closing the digital divide. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 18(3).
  • Lu, L. (2010). Digital divide: Does the internet speak your language? EdMedia+ Innovate Learning,
  • Mackey, T. P., & Jacobson, T. E. (2011). Reframing information literacy as a metaliteracy. College & research libraries, 72(1), 62-78.
  • Mariscal, J., Mayne, G., Aneja, U., & Sorgner, A. (2019). Bridging the gender digital gap. Economics, 13(1).
  • Mathieson, K. (1991). Predicting user intentions: comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior. Information systems research, 2(3), 173-191.
  • McConnaughey, J., Lader, W., & Chin, R. (1998). ``Falling through the net II: new data on the digital divide'', National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Department of Commerce, US Government, Washington, DC.
  • Middleton, K. L., & Chambers, V. (2010). Approaching digital equity: is wifi the new leveler? Information Technology & People.
  • Mubarak, F. (2015). Towards a renewed understanding of the complex nerves of the digital divide. Journal of Social Inclusion, 6(1), 71-102.
  • Mubarak, F., Suomi, R., & Kantola, S.-P. (2020). Confirming the links between socio-economic variables and digitalization worldwide: the unsettled debate on digital divide. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 18(3), 415-430.
  • Nielsen, C. (2014). Tech-styles: are consumers really interested in wearing tech on their sleeves. Retrieved 20 Nisan 2022 from https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2014/tech-styles-are-consumers-really-interested-in-wearing-tech-on-their-sleeves/
  • Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge university press.
  • O’Sullivan, J. (2013). Validating academic training versus organizational training: An analysis in the enterprise resource planning (ERP) field. Journal of Communication and Computer, 10, 1261-1270.
  • OECD. (2016). Skills for a Digital World. Retrieved 25 Mayıs 2022 from https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Skills-for-a-Digital-World.pdf
  • OECD. (2018). PISA 2018 results. Retrieved 20 Nisan 2022 from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-results.htm
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  • Olaniran, B. A., & Agnello, M. F. (2008). Globalization, educational hegemony, and higher education. Multicultural Education & Technology Journal.
  • Olphert, W., & Damodaran, L. (2013). Older people and digital disengagement: a fourth digital divide? Gerontology, 59(6), 564-570.
  • Perrin, A. (2015). Social media usage. Pew research center, 125, 52-68.
  • Pick, J. B., & Nishida, T. (2015). Digital divides in the world and its regions: A spatial and multivariate analysis of technological utilization. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 91, 1-17.
  • Pieper, M., Morasch, H., & Piela, G. (2003). Bridging the educational divide. Universal Access in the Information Society, 2(3), 243-254.
  • Pittman, J. (2007). Converging instructional technology and critical intercultural pedagogy in teacher education. Multicultural Education & Technology Journal.
  • Quibria, M. G., Ahmed, S. N., Tschang, T., & Reyes-Macasaquit, M.-L. (2003). Digital divide: Determinants and policies with special reference to Asia. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(6), 811-825. Rainie, L. (2017). Digital divides–feeding America. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 20 Nisan 2022 from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/02/09/digital-divides-feeding-america/
  • Rogers, E. M. (2001). The digital divide. Convergence, 7(4), 96-111.
  • Rogerson, S. (2020). The digital divide is a multi-dimensional complex. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society.
  • Rosen, L. D., & Weil, M. M. (1995). Computer availability, computer experience and technophobia among public school teachers. Computers in Human Behavior, 11(1), 9-31.
  • Schleife, K. (2010). What really matters: Regional versus individual determinants of the digital divide in Germany. Research Policy, 39(1), 173-185.
  • Shirazi, F., Ngwenyama, O., & Morawczynski, O. (2010). ICT expansion and the digital divide in democratic freedoms: An analysis of the impact of ICT expansion, education and ICT filtering on democracy. Telematics and Informatics, 27(1), 21-31.
  • Srinuan, C., & Bohlin, E. (2011). Understanding the digital divide: A literature survey and ways forward 22nd European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS): "Innovative ICT Applications - Emerging Regulatory, Economic and Policy Issues", Budapest.
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  • Thompson, H., & Garbacz, C. (2008). Broadband impacts on state GDP: Direct and indirect impacts. International Telecommunications Society 17th Biennial Conference, Canada,
  • Tipton, F. B. (2002). Bridging the digital divide in Southeast Asia: Pilot agencies and policy implementation in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 83-99.
  • Turner, C. F., Taylor, B., & Kaza, S. (2011). Security in computer literacy: a model for design, dissemination, and assessment. Proceedings of the 42nd ACM technical symposium on Computer science education,
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  • Van Deursen, A., & Van Dijk, J. (2011). Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13(6), 893-911.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2005). The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society. Sage.
  • Van Dijk, J., & Hacker, K. (2003). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The information society, 19(4), 315-326.
  • Van Lancker, W., & Parolin, Z. (2020). COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e243-e244.
  • Vehovar, V., Sicherl, P., Hüsing, T., & Dolnicar, V. (2006). Methodological challenges of digital divide measurements. The information society, 22(5), 279-290.
  • Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management science, 46(2), 186-204.
  • Vicente, M. R., & Lopez, A. J. (2010). A multidimensional analysis of the disability digital divide: Some evidence for Internet use. The information society, 26(1), 48-64.
  • Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. MIT press.
  • Wei, L., & Hindman, D. B. (2011). Does the digital divide matter more? Comparing the effects of new media and old media use on the education-based knowledge gap. Mass Communication and Society, 14(2), 216-235.
  • World Bank. (2016). World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends. World Bank Group.
  • Yu, R. P., Ellison, N. B., McCammon, R. J., & Langa, K. M. (2016). Mapping the two levels of digital divide: Internet access and social network site adoption among older adults in the USA. Information, Communication & Society, 19(10), 1445-1464.
  • Zha, X., Zhang, J., & Yan, Y. (2015). Comparing digital libraries in the web and mobile contexts from the perspective of the digital divide. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 47(4), 330-340.
Toplam 100 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Abdulhalik Pınar 0000-0002-1716-5114

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 23 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Pınar, A. (2024). Determinants and Impacts of Technological Inequalities: A Review on the Digital Divide. Uluslararası Sosyal Siyasal Ve Mali Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 28-43.