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Avrupa Birliği’nde Karbon Vergisinin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Güven, Endişe ve Demokratik Katılım

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 343 - 363, 30.09.2023

Candan Yılmaz Uğur

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1342166

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı; güven, iklim değişikliği endişesi ve demokratik katılım değişkenlerinin karbon vergisi artışına yönelik desteği artırıp artırmadığını incelemektir. Çalışma 2016-2017 dönemi European Social Survey (Avrupa Sosyal Araştırması) Round 8’den elde edilen verilere dayanarak 21 Avrupa Birliği ülkesini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada SPSS 22 programı kullanılmıştır. Korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılarak tahmin edilen çalışmadan elde edilen en önemli sonuç iklim değişikliğine yönelik endişenin artması ile karbon vergisine yönelik desteğin artacağı yönündedir. Hükümete güven, parlamentoya güven, partilere güven değişkenleri ile karbon vergisine yönelik destek arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu görülmüştür. Bireylerin hükümetin yaptıklarında yeterli düzeyde söz sahibi olmalarına olanak sağlayan demokratik katılım ile karbon vergisine yönelik destek arasında da pozitif yönlü ve güçlü bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca kadınların, gençlerin, eğitim seviyesi yüksek olanların, sol görüşe sahip olanların ve kentlerde yaşayanların karbon vergisine ilişkin desteğinin daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda karbon vergisine yönelik politikalarda, karbon vergisine ilişkin desteği belirleyen unsurların göz önünde bulundurulması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

iklim değişikliği karbon salınımı karbon vergisi demokratik katılım Avrupa Birliği

Kaynakça

  • Acar, E. (2019). Küresel iklim değişikliği ile mücadele araci olarak karbon vergisi ve etkinliği [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Andersson, J. (2019). Carbon taxes and CO2 emissions: Sweden as a case study. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 11(4), 1-30.
  • Balı, S., & Yaylı, G. (2019). Karbon vergisinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliği. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 54(1), 302-319.
  • Baranzini, A., & Carattini, S. (2017). Effectiveness, earmarking and labelling: Testing the acceptability of carbon taxes with survey data. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 19, 197-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-016-0144-7
  • Baranzini, A., Bergh, J., Carattini, S., Howarth, R. B., Padilla, E., & Roca, J. (2017). Carbon pricing in climate policy: Seven reasons, complementary instruments and political economy consideration. WIREs Climate Change, 8(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.462
  • Baranzini, A., Caliskan, M., & Carattini, S. (2014). Economic prescriptions and public responses to climate policy. Genève: Haute école de gestion de Genève, 1-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2531593
  • Baranzini, A., Goldemberg, J., & Speck, S. (2000). A future for carbon taxes. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 395-412.
  • Başaran, F. (2007). Küresel Bir kamu malı olarak çevrenin artan önemi ve Sayıştay denetimi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 65, 89-110.
  • Bejar-Garcia, C. (2020). France’s Yellow Vest Movement and the Global Debate on Climate Change. Harward International Review. https://hir.harvard.edu/frances-yellow-vest-movement-and-the-global-debate-on-climate-change/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Temmuz 2023).
  • Callan, T., Lyons, S., Scott, S., Tol, R. S. J., & Verde, S. (2009). The distributional implications of a carbon tax in Ireland. Energy Policy, 37(2), 407-412.
  • Carattini, S., Baranzini, A., Thalmann, P., Varone, F., & Vöhringer, F. (2017). Green taxes in a post-paris world: Are millions of nays inevitable?. Environmental Resource Economics, 68, 97-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0133-8
  • Criqui, P., Jaccard, M., & Sterner, T. (2019). Carbon taxation: A tale of three countries. Sustainability, 11(22), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226280
  • Crowley, K. (2017). Up and down with climate politics 2013-2016: The repeal of carbon pricing in Australia. WIREs Climate Change, 8(3), 1-13.
  • Davidovic, D., & Harring, N. (2020). Exploring the cross-national variation in public support for climate policies in Europe: The role of quality of government and trust. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 1-11.
  • Demir, E. (2018). Türkiye’nin iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede kullanabileceği iktisadi araçlarin değerlendirilmesi: Karbon vergileri ve emisyon ticaret sistemleri [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • DePillis, L. (2018). Washington state voters reject carbon tax. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/07/business/washington-carbon-tax/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Temmuz 2023).
  • Dreyer, S. J., & Walker, I. (2013). Acceptance and support of the Australian carbon policy. Social Justice Research, 26, 343-362.
  • European Commission (2019). A European Green Deal. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2023).
  • Fairbrother, M., Seväa, I. J., & Kulin, J. (2019). Political trust and the relationship between climate change beliefs and support for fossil fuel taxes: Evidence from a survey of 23 European Countries. Global Environmental Change, 59, 1-15.
  • Gevrek, Z. E., & Uyduranoğlu, A. (2015). Public preferences for carbon tax attributes. Ecological Economics, 118, 186-197.
  • Giddens, A. (2013). İklim değişikliği siyaseti. Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Global Carbon Budget (2022). https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/ (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2023).
  • Hammar, H., & Jagers, S. (2007). What is a fair CO2 tax increase? Individual preferences for fair procedures for emission reductions in the transport sector. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3), 377-387.
  • Hammar, H., & Jagers, S. C. (2006). Can trust in politicians explain individuals' support for climate policy? The case of CO2 tax. Climate Policy, 5(6), 613-625.
  • Hotunluoğlu, H. (2007). Karbon vergisi teorisi ve uygulaması [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Jagers, C. S., & Hammar, H. (2006). Can trust in politicians explain individuals’ acceptance of public policies? The case of climate change policy. Climate Policy, 5, 611-623.
  • Jagers, S. C., Lachapelle, E., Martinsson, J., & Matti, S. (2019). Bridging the ideological gap? How fairness perceptions mediate the effect of revenue recycling on public support for carbon taxes in the United States, Canada and Germany. Review of Policy Research, 38(5), 529-554.
  • Kallbekken, S., & Saelen, H. (2011). Public acceptance for environmental taxes: Self-interest, environmental and distributional concerns. Energy Policy, 39, 2966-2973.
  • Klenert, D., Mattauch, L., Combet, E., Edenhofer, O., Hepburn, C., Rafaty, R., & Stern, N. (2018). Making carbon pricing work for citizens. Nature Climate Change, 8(8), 669-677.
  • Köppl, A., & Schratzenstaller, M. (2023). Carbon taxation: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37(4), 1353-1388.
  • Kotchen, J. M., Turk, Z. M., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2017). Public willingness to pay for a US carbon tax and preferences for spending the revenue. Environmental Research Letters, 12(9), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa822a
  • Kulin, J., Sevä, I. J., & Dunlap, R. E. (2021). Nationalist ideology, rightwing populism, and public views about climate change in Europe. Environmental Politics, 30(7), 1111-1134.
  • Kutting, G. (2000). Environment, society and international relations: Towards more effective international agreements, Routledge.
  • Muhammad, I., Hasnu, N. N. M., Ibrahim, M. A., Hamid, S. A., & Hanefah, M. M. (2022). Trust in government and its determinants: An empirical study of public acceptability for carbon tax in Malaysia. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315684
  • Nowlin, C. M., Gupta, K., & Ripberger, J. T. (2020). Revenue use and public support for a carbon tax. Environmental Research Letters, 15(8), 084032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab92c3
  • Orkunoğlu Şahin, F. I., & Çiftçi, T. E. (2021). İklim değişikliği ile mücadelede Türkiye için karbon vergisi önerisi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(2), 254-269.
  • Parry, I. W., Black, S., & Zhunussova, K. (2022). Carbon taxes or emissions trading systems? Instrument choice and design. IMF Staff Climate Note, 2022(006).
  • Partnership For Market Readiness. (2017). Carbon Tax Guide: A Handbook For Policy Makers. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3f3c5326-7c41-513a-a598-6e8e535e71b9/content (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2023).
  • Plumer, B., & Popovich, N. (2019). These Countries Have Prices on Carbon. Are They Working?. New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/02/climate/pricing-carbon-emissions.html (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2023).
  • Postic, S., & Métivier, C. (2019). Global Carbon Account 2019. I4CE Institute for Climate Economics, https://www.i4ce.org/wp-content/uploads/i4ce-PrixCarbon-VA.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Rabe, B. G., & Borick, C. P. (2012). Carbon taxation and policy labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian provinces. Review of Policy Research, 29(3), 358-382.
  • Rafaty, R. (2018). Perceptions of corruption, political distrust, and the weakening of climate policy. Global Environmental Politics, 18(3), 106-129.
  • Reuters. (2021). After voter slap, Switzerland tries again with plan to slash emissions. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-voter-slap-switzerland-tries-again-with-plan-slash-emissions-2021-12-17/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Saruç, N. T., & Karakaya, E. (2008). Emisyon ticareti ve karbon piyasası. Etem Karakaya (Ed.), Küresel ısınma ve Kyoto protokolü: İklim değişikliğinin bilimsel, ekonomik ve politik analizi içinde (ss. 197-224). Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Sivonen, J. (2020). Predictors of fossil fuel taxation attitudes across post-communist and other Europe. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(11), 1337-1355.
  • Sivonen, J., & Koivula, A. (2020). How do social class position and party preference influence support for fossil fuel taxation in Nordic countries?. The Social Science Journal, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1815469
  • Stavins, R. N. (2019). Carbon taxes vs. cap and trade: Theory and practice (Discussion Paper ES 19-9). Harvard Project on Climate Agreements.
  • Steenkamp, L. A. (2021). A Classification framework for carbon tax revenue use. Climate Policy, 21(7), 897-911.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Sixth Edition). Boston.
  • Uğur, Ö. (2019). Climate change in global politics in the postmodern era: A new challenge. Uğur, Ö., & Doğan, K. C. (Eds.), Contemporary debates on politics and public administration in the postmodern era içinde (ss. 83-99). Peterlang Publications.
  • Umit, R., & Schaffer, L. M. (2020). Attitudes towards carbon taxes across Europe: The role of perceived uncertainty and self-interest. Energy Policy, 140, 111385.
  • United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2023).
  • United Nations (2015). Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2023).
  • Uyduranoğlu, A., & Özturk, S. S. (2020). Public support for carbon taxation in Turkey: Drivers and barriers. Climate Policy, 20(9), 1175-1191.
  • World Bank (2022). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/a1abead2-de91-5992-bb7a-73d8aaaf767f (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2023).

The Acceptability of a Carbon Tax in the European Union: Trust, Concern and Democratic Participation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 343 - 363, 30.09.2023

Candan Yılmaz Uğur

https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1342166

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine whether trust, climate change concern and political effectiveness variables increase support for a carbon tax increase. The study covers 21 European Union countries based on the data obtained from the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 8 for the period 2016-2017. SPSS 22 programme was used in the study. The most important result obtained from the study, which was estimated using correlation and multiple regression analysis, is that the support for carbon tax will increase with the increase in concern about climate change. It is observed that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between the variables of trust in the government, trust in the parliament and trust in the parties and support for carbon tax. It is also observed that there is a positive and strong relationship between political effectiveness, which allows individuals to have enough say in what the government does, and support for carbon tax. In the study, it was also observed that women, young people, those with higher education level, those with leftist views and those living in urban areas have higher support for carbon tax. In this context, it is suggested that the factors determining the support for carbon tax should be taken into consideration in policies towards carbon tax.

Anahtar Kelimeler

climate change carbon emissions carbon tax political support European Union

Kaynakça

  • Acar, E. (2019). Küresel iklim değişikliği ile mücadele araci olarak karbon vergisi ve etkinliği [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Andersson, J. (2019). Carbon taxes and CO2 emissions: Sweden as a case study. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 11(4), 1-30.
  • Balı, S., & Yaylı, G. (2019). Karbon vergisinin Türkiye’de uygulanabilirliği. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 54(1), 302-319.
  • Baranzini, A., & Carattini, S. (2017). Effectiveness, earmarking and labelling: Testing the acceptability of carbon taxes with survey data. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 19, 197-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-016-0144-7
  • Baranzini, A., Bergh, J., Carattini, S., Howarth, R. B., Padilla, E., & Roca, J. (2017). Carbon pricing in climate policy: Seven reasons, complementary instruments and political economy consideration. WIREs Climate Change, 8(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.462
  • Baranzini, A., Caliskan, M., & Carattini, S. (2014). Economic prescriptions and public responses to climate policy. Genève: Haute école de gestion de Genève, 1-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2531593
  • Baranzini, A., Goldemberg, J., & Speck, S. (2000). A future for carbon taxes. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 395-412.
  • Başaran, F. (2007). Küresel Bir kamu malı olarak çevrenin artan önemi ve Sayıştay denetimi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 65, 89-110.
  • Bejar-Garcia, C. (2020). France’s Yellow Vest Movement and the Global Debate on Climate Change. Harward International Review. https://hir.harvard.edu/frances-yellow-vest-movement-and-the-global-debate-on-climate-change/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Temmuz 2023).
  • Callan, T., Lyons, S., Scott, S., Tol, R. S. J., & Verde, S. (2009). The distributional implications of a carbon tax in Ireland. Energy Policy, 37(2), 407-412.
  • Carattini, S., Baranzini, A., Thalmann, P., Varone, F., & Vöhringer, F. (2017). Green taxes in a post-paris world: Are millions of nays inevitable?. Environmental Resource Economics, 68, 97-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0133-8
  • Criqui, P., Jaccard, M., & Sterner, T. (2019). Carbon taxation: A tale of three countries. Sustainability, 11(22), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226280
  • Crowley, K. (2017). Up and down with climate politics 2013-2016: The repeal of carbon pricing in Australia. WIREs Climate Change, 8(3), 1-13.
  • Davidovic, D., & Harring, N. (2020). Exploring the cross-national variation in public support for climate policies in Europe: The role of quality of government and trust. Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 1-11.
  • Demir, E. (2018). Türkiye’nin iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede kullanabileceği iktisadi araçlarin değerlendirilmesi: Karbon vergileri ve emisyon ticaret sistemleri [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • DePillis, L. (2018). Washington state voters reject carbon tax. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/07/business/washington-carbon-tax/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Temmuz 2023).
  • Dreyer, S. J., & Walker, I. (2013). Acceptance and support of the Australian carbon policy. Social Justice Research, 26, 343-362.
  • European Commission (2019). A European Green Deal. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2023).
  • Fairbrother, M., Seväa, I. J., & Kulin, J. (2019). Political trust and the relationship between climate change beliefs and support for fossil fuel taxes: Evidence from a survey of 23 European Countries. Global Environmental Change, 59, 1-15.
  • Gevrek, Z. E., & Uyduranoğlu, A. (2015). Public preferences for carbon tax attributes. Ecological Economics, 118, 186-197.
  • Giddens, A. (2013). İklim değişikliği siyaseti. Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Global Carbon Budget (2022). https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/ (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2023).
  • Hammar, H., & Jagers, S. (2007). What is a fair CO2 tax increase? Individual preferences for fair procedures for emission reductions in the transport sector. Ecological Economics, 61(2-3), 377-387.
  • Hammar, H., & Jagers, S. C. (2006). Can trust in politicians explain individuals' support for climate policy? The case of CO2 tax. Climate Policy, 5(6), 613-625.
  • Hotunluoğlu, H. (2007). Karbon vergisi teorisi ve uygulaması [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Jagers, C. S., & Hammar, H. (2006). Can trust in politicians explain individuals’ acceptance of public policies? The case of climate change policy. Climate Policy, 5, 611-623.
  • Jagers, S. C., Lachapelle, E., Martinsson, J., & Matti, S. (2019). Bridging the ideological gap? How fairness perceptions mediate the effect of revenue recycling on public support for carbon taxes in the United States, Canada and Germany. Review of Policy Research, 38(5), 529-554.
  • Kallbekken, S., & Saelen, H. (2011). Public acceptance for environmental taxes: Self-interest, environmental and distributional concerns. Energy Policy, 39, 2966-2973.
  • Klenert, D., Mattauch, L., Combet, E., Edenhofer, O., Hepburn, C., Rafaty, R., & Stern, N. (2018). Making carbon pricing work for citizens. Nature Climate Change, 8(8), 669-677.
  • Köppl, A., & Schratzenstaller, M. (2023). Carbon taxation: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 37(4), 1353-1388.
  • Kotchen, J. M., Turk, Z. M., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2017). Public willingness to pay for a US carbon tax and preferences for spending the revenue. Environmental Research Letters, 12(9), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa822a
  • Kulin, J., Sevä, I. J., & Dunlap, R. E. (2021). Nationalist ideology, rightwing populism, and public views about climate change in Europe. Environmental Politics, 30(7), 1111-1134.
  • Kutting, G. (2000). Environment, society and international relations: Towards more effective international agreements, Routledge.
  • Muhammad, I., Hasnu, N. N. M., Ibrahim, M. A., Hamid, S. A., & Hanefah, M. M. (2022). Trust in government and its determinants: An empirical study of public acceptability for carbon tax in Malaysia. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315684
  • Nowlin, C. M., Gupta, K., & Ripberger, J. T. (2020). Revenue use and public support for a carbon tax. Environmental Research Letters, 15(8), 084032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab92c3
  • Orkunoğlu Şahin, F. I., & Çiftçi, T. E. (2021). İklim değişikliği ile mücadelede Türkiye için karbon vergisi önerisi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(2), 254-269.
  • Parry, I. W., Black, S., & Zhunussova, K. (2022). Carbon taxes or emissions trading systems? Instrument choice and design. IMF Staff Climate Note, 2022(006).
  • Partnership For Market Readiness. (2017). Carbon Tax Guide: A Handbook For Policy Makers. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/3f3c5326-7c41-513a-a598-6e8e535e71b9/content (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2023).
  • Plumer, B., & Popovich, N. (2019). These Countries Have Prices on Carbon. Are They Working?. New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/02/climate/pricing-carbon-emissions.html (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2023).
  • Postic, S., & Métivier, C. (2019). Global Carbon Account 2019. I4CE Institute for Climate Economics, https://www.i4ce.org/wp-content/uploads/i4ce-PrixCarbon-VA.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Rabe, B. G., & Borick, C. P. (2012). Carbon taxation and policy labeling: Experience from American States and Canadian provinces. Review of Policy Research, 29(3), 358-382.
  • Rafaty, R. (2018). Perceptions of corruption, political distrust, and the weakening of climate policy. Global Environmental Politics, 18(3), 106-129.
  • Reuters. (2021). After voter slap, Switzerland tries again with plan to slash emissions. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/after-voter-slap-switzerland-tries-again-with-plan-slash-emissions-2021-12-17/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Ağustos 2023).
  • Saruç, N. T., & Karakaya, E. (2008). Emisyon ticareti ve karbon piyasası. Etem Karakaya (Ed.), Küresel ısınma ve Kyoto protokolü: İklim değişikliğinin bilimsel, ekonomik ve politik analizi içinde (ss. 197-224). Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Sivonen, J. (2020). Predictors of fossil fuel taxation attitudes across post-communist and other Europe. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(11), 1337-1355.
  • Sivonen, J., & Koivula, A. (2020). How do social class position and party preference influence support for fossil fuel taxation in Nordic countries?. The Social Science Journal, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1815469
  • Stavins, R. N. (2019). Carbon taxes vs. cap and trade: Theory and practice (Discussion Paper ES 19-9). Harvard Project on Climate Agreements.
  • Steenkamp, L. A. (2021). A Classification framework for carbon tax revenue use. Climate Policy, 21(7), 897-911.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Sixth Edition). Boston.
  • Uğur, Ö. (2019). Climate change in global politics in the postmodern era: A new challenge. Uğur, Ö., & Doğan, K. C. (Eds.), Contemporary debates on politics and public administration in the postmodern era içinde (ss. 83-99). Peterlang Publications.
  • Umit, R., & Schaffer, L. M. (2020). Attitudes towards carbon taxes across Europe: The role of perceived uncertainty and self-interest. Energy Policy, 140, 111385.
  • United Nations (1992). United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2023).
  • United Nations (2015). Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2023).
  • Uyduranoğlu, A., & Özturk, S. S. (2020). Public support for carbon taxation in Turkey: Drivers and barriers. Climate Policy, 20(9), 1175-1191.
  • World Bank (2022). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/a1abead2-de91-5992-bb7a-73d8aaaf767f (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2023).
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Candan Yılmaz Uğur 0000-0002-7915-8040

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz Uğur, C. (2023). Avrupa Birliği’nde Karbon Vergisinin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Güven, Endişe ve Demokratik Katılım. Sosyal Mucit Academic Review, 4(3), 343-363. https://doi.org/10.54733/smar.1342166
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