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SIĞINMACI VE MÜLTECİ SORUNU: ARAKANLI MÜSLÜMANLAR ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 1887 - 1896, 02.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1141047

Öz

Günümüzde yaşanan zorunlu göç sürecinde, sığınmacı, mülteci ve ülke içinde yerinden edilmiş kişilerin 70 milyonu aştığı dünyamızda birçok farklı sorun ortaya çıkmış ve halen çözülmeyi beklemektedir. Spesifik bağlamda ise Arakanlı Müslümanlar (Rohingyalılar)’ın hem Myanmar’da hem de Bangladeş’teki sığınmacı kamplarında yaşadıkları sıkıntılardan bahsedilecek olan bu makalede, yaşanan sorunlara çözüm önerileri de getirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Tüm bu yaşanan etnik temizlik ve soykırım suçlarının nedenini anlayabilmek için öncelikle Arakan coğrafyasının tarihinden, 18. yüzyıldan itibaren yaşanan işgallerden ve bu toplumun ne tür hak ihlallerine maruz kaldığından bahsetmek mantıklı olacaktır. Ayrıca, kavramsal tartışmaların önüne geçmek için sığınmacı ve mülteci kavramları Arakanlı Müslümanlarla bağlantılı olarak açıklanacak, Bangladeş’te yer alan ve dünyanın en büyük sığınmacı kamplarından birisi olan Kutupalong (Cox’s Bazar) sığınmacı kampında yaşanan zorluklardan, yardım örgütlerinin çabalarından ve alınması gereken acil önlemlerden bahsedilecektir. Birleşmiş Milletler’in açıklamasına göre, ‘dünya üzerinde en çok zulüm ve şiddet gören etnik topluluk’ olan Arakanlı Müslümanların sığınmacı kamplarında yaşadıkları sağlık, barınma ve insan ticareti ile ilgili sorunlarına da değinilecek ve çözümsel analizler yapılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahluwalia, P., Toby, M. (2018). The Rohingya Crisis: Another Failure of the International System. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 24(3), 291-292.
  • Ahsan, S. B. (2018). The Rohingya Crisis: Why The World Must Act Decisively. Asian Affairs, 49(4), 571-581.
  • Akhavan, P. (2019). The Radically Routine Rohingya Case: Territorial Jurisdiction and the Crime of Deportation Under the ICC Statute. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 17(2), 325-345.
  • Akhter, S., Kusakabe, K. (2014). Gender-based Violence Among Documented Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 21(2), 225-246.
  • Alam, M. (2018). Enduring Entanglement: The Multi-Sectoral Impact of the Rohingya Crisis on Neighboring Bangladesh. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 19, 20-26.
  • Brooten, L. (2015). Blind Spots in Human Rights Coverage: Framing Violence Against the Rohingya in Myanmar/Burma. Popular Communication, 13(2), 132-144.
  • Brooten, L., Ashraf, S. I., Akinro, N. A. (2015). Traumatized Victims and Mutilated Bodies: Human Rights and the ‘Politics of Immediation’ in the Rohingya Crisis of Burma/Myanmar. International Communication Gazette, 77(8), 717-734.
  • Chatterjee, A. (2016). Migrants at Sea: Case Studies of Syrians and Rohingyas. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 12(2), 58-70.
  • Crabtree, K. (2010). Economic Challenges and Coping Mechanisms in Protracted Displacement: A Case Study of the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 5(1), 41-58.
  • Davies, S. E., Hall, I. (2019). Commentaries on the International Criminal Court Decision on Bangladesh and the Rohingya People, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73(1), 1-1.
  • Fair, C. C. (2018). Rohingya: Victims of a Great Game East. The Washington Quarterly, 41(3), 63-85. Haque, M. M. (2017). Rohingya Ethnic Muslim Minority and the 1982 Citizenship Law in Burma. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37(4), 454-469.
  • Kosem, S., Saleem, A. (2016). Religion, Nationalism, and the Rohingya’s Search for Citizenship in Myanmar. In Muslim Minority-State Relations (ss. 211-224). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Lewis, D. (2019). Humanitarianism, Civil Society and the Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Bangladesh. Third World Quarterly, 40(10), 1884-1902.
  • Milton, A. H., Rahman, M., Hussain, S., Jindal, C., Choudhury, S., Akter, S., Efird, J. T. (2017). Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), 942.
  • Mukherjee, K. (2019). The Ethnic Minority Question and Rohingya Crisis in Contemporary Myanmar. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 26-43.
  • Parnini, S. N. (2013). The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2), 281-297.
  • Pedersen, M. B. (2019). The ICC, the Rohingya and the Limitations of Retributive Justice. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73(1), 9-15.
  • Riley, A., Varner, A., Ventevogel, P., Taimur Hasan, M. M., Welton-Mitchell, C. (2017). Daily Stressors, Trauma Exposure, and Mental Health Among Stateless Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(3), 304-331.
  • Storai, Y. (2018). Systematic Ethnic Cleansing: The Case Study of Rohingya. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 9(4), 1-9. T.C. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. (2013). Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu, http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6458.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.09.2020.
  • Ullah, A. A. (2011). Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139-161.
  • UNHCR. (2010). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2sGq55XmzF-BtGtWfwu1vLreJ4nplpF0Dm6tg3UNOyYJwqRo_K4d9S7OA#zoom=95, Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2020.
  • United Nations Human Rights Council. (2017). Human Rights Council Opens Special Session on the Situation of Human Rights of the Rohingya and Other Minorities in Rakhine State in Myanmar, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22491, Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2020.
  • United Nations. (2011). Universal Declaration of Human Rights, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2020.

ASYLUM SEEKER AND REFUGEE PROBLEM: THE CASE OF ARAKAN MUSLIMS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 1887 - 1896, 02.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1141047

Öz

In today's forced migration process, in our world where asylum seekers, refugees and internally displaced people exceed 70 million, many different problems have arisen and are still waiting to be solved. In a specific context, in this article, the problems experienced by Arakan Muslims (Rohingya) both in Myanmar and in the refugee camps in Bangladesh will be discussed, and an attempt to offer some solutions to these problems will be made. In order to understand the reason of the crimes of ethnic cleansing and genocide, it will be logical to analyse the history of Arakan geography, the occupations since the 18th century and the rights violations this society has been subjected to. In addition, in order to prevent conceptual discussions, the concepts of ‘asylum seeker’ and ‘refugee’ will be explained in connection with Arakan Muslims, and the difficulties experienced in the Kutupalong (Cox's Bazar) Refugee Camp, which is one of the largest refugee camps in the world, in Bangladesh, the efforts of aid organizations and the urgent measures that need to be taken will be mentioned. The problems related to health, shelter and human trafficking experienced by Arakan Muslims in the refugee camps, who are according to the statement of the United Nations ‘the ethnic group that suffers the most oppression and violence in the world’, will also be addressed and analysed.

Kaynakça

  • Ahluwalia, P., Toby, M. (2018). The Rohingya Crisis: Another Failure of the International System. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 24(3), 291-292.
  • Ahsan, S. B. (2018). The Rohingya Crisis: Why The World Must Act Decisively. Asian Affairs, 49(4), 571-581.
  • Akhavan, P. (2019). The Radically Routine Rohingya Case: Territorial Jurisdiction and the Crime of Deportation Under the ICC Statute. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 17(2), 325-345.
  • Akhter, S., Kusakabe, K. (2014). Gender-based Violence Among Documented Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 21(2), 225-246.
  • Alam, M. (2018). Enduring Entanglement: The Multi-Sectoral Impact of the Rohingya Crisis on Neighboring Bangladesh. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 19, 20-26.
  • Brooten, L. (2015). Blind Spots in Human Rights Coverage: Framing Violence Against the Rohingya in Myanmar/Burma. Popular Communication, 13(2), 132-144.
  • Brooten, L., Ashraf, S. I., Akinro, N. A. (2015). Traumatized Victims and Mutilated Bodies: Human Rights and the ‘Politics of Immediation’ in the Rohingya Crisis of Burma/Myanmar. International Communication Gazette, 77(8), 717-734.
  • Chatterjee, A. (2016). Migrants at Sea: Case Studies of Syrians and Rohingyas. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 12(2), 58-70.
  • Crabtree, K. (2010). Economic Challenges and Coping Mechanisms in Protracted Displacement: A Case Study of the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 5(1), 41-58.
  • Davies, S. E., Hall, I. (2019). Commentaries on the International Criminal Court Decision on Bangladesh and the Rohingya People, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73(1), 1-1.
  • Fair, C. C. (2018). Rohingya: Victims of a Great Game East. The Washington Quarterly, 41(3), 63-85. Haque, M. M. (2017). Rohingya Ethnic Muslim Minority and the 1982 Citizenship Law in Burma. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37(4), 454-469.
  • Kosem, S., Saleem, A. (2016). Religion, Nationalism, and the Rohingya’s Search for Citizenship in Myanmar. In Muslim Minority-State Relations (ss. 211-224). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Lewis, D. (2019). Humanitarianism, Civil Society and the Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Bangladesh. Third World Quarterly, 40(10), 1884-1902.
  • Milton, A. H., Rahman, M., Hussain, S., Jindal, C., Choudhury, S., Akter, S., Efird, J. T. (2017). Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), 942.
  • Mukherjee, K. (2019). The Ethnic Minority Question and Rohingya Crisis in Contemporary Myanmar. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 26-43.
  • Parnini, S. N. (2013). The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 33(2), 281-297.
  • Pedersen, M. B. (2019). The ICC, the Rohingya and the Limitations of Retributive Justice. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 73(1), 9-15.
  • Riley, A., Varner, A., Ventevogel, P., Taimur Hasan, M. M., Welton-Mitchell, C. (2017). Daily Stressors, Trauma Exposure, and Mental Health Among Stateless Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(3), 304-331.
  • Storai, Y. (2018). Systematic Ethnic Cleansing: The Case Study of Rohingya. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 9(4), 1-9. T.C. Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. (2013). Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu, http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6458.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.09.2020.
  • Ullah, A. A. (2011). Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139-161.
  • UNHCR. (2010). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2sGq55XmzF-BtGtWfwu1vLreJ4nplpF0Dm6tg3UNOyYJwqRo_K4d9S7OA#zoom=95, Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2020.
  • United Nations Human Rights Council. (2017). Human Rights Council Opens Special Session on the Situation of Human Rights of the Rohingya and Other Minorities in Rakhine State in Myanmar, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22491, Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2020.
  • United Nations. (2011). Universal Declaration of Human Rights, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2020.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER
Yazarlar

Serdar Çakmak 0000-0001-6016-6115

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, S. (2022). SIĞINMACI VE MÜLTECİ SORUNU: ARAKANLI MÜSLÜMANLAR ÖRNEĞİ. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 12(3), 1887-1896. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1141047