Araştırma Makalesi
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Sosyoekonomik Durum, Annelerin Psikopatolojik Semptomları, Yansıtıcı İşleyişi ve Duygu Sosyalleştirme Uygulamalarının Erken Çocukluk Döneminde Gözlenen Davranış Problemlerindeki Rolünün İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 3 - 12, 14.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.22.1.01

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyoekonomik durum (SED), annenin psikolojik semptomları, annenin yansıtıcı işleyişi ve annenin duygu sosyalleştirme uygulamalarının erken çocukluk döneminde görülen davranış problemleri ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Çalışma aynı zamanda çocuğun sergilediği davranış problemlerinde yaş ve cinsiyet farklarını incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırmaya, Türkiye'nin farklı şehirlerinde yaşayan 1 ve 3 yaş arası çocuğu bulunan anneler (N = 534) katılmıştır. Annelerden demografik form, Kısa Semptom Envanteri, Ebeveyn İçsel Düşünme İşlevselliği Ölçeği, Çocukların Olumsuz Duygularıyla Başetme Ölçeği ve Çocuk Davranışları Kontrol Listesi bulunan bir ölçek paketini doldurmaları istenmiştir. Annelerin raporlarına dayanarak yapılan bu çalışma, SED, annenin psikolojik semptomu ve annenin destekleyici olmayan duygu sosyalleştirme uygulamalarının çocuklarda görülen içselleştirme ve dışsallaştırma davranış problemlerini yordadığını yapılan hiyerarşik regresyon analizlerinin sonucunda ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca erkek çocuklarının kız çocuklarından ve yaşça büyük olan çocukların ise küçük yaştakilerden anlamlı bir şekilde daha fazla dışsallaştırma problemleri sergilediklerini bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, beklentilerin aksine, annenin destekleyici duygu sosyalleştirmesi ve yansıtıcı işleyişi çocuk davranış problemlerini yordamamıştır. Genel olarak, bu çalışmanın bulguları çocuk davranış problemlerini yordamada aile süreç modeline destek sağlamıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

114K813

Kaynakça

  • Achenbach, T. M. & Rescorla, L. (2000). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/11/2-5 and 2001 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Child Psychiatry.
  • Arıkan, G. (2016). Improving mother-child attachment relationship with “Circle of Security Parenting” training program. Retrieved from the project in progress supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK, Grant no: 114K813.
  • Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J., & van Aken, M. A. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 997-1011. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.997
  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83-96. doi:10.2307/1129836
  • Bolton, C., Calam, R., Barrowclough, C., Peters, S., Roberts, J., Wearden, A., & Morris, J. (2003). Expressed emotion, attributions and depression in mothers of children with problem behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(2), 242-254. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00117
  • Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(2), 179-192. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.2.179
  • Bögels, S. M., & Perotti, E. C. (2011). Does father know best? A formal model of the paternal influence on childhood social anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Family Study, 20, 171– 181. doi:10.1007/s10826‐010‐9441‐0
  • Breaux, R. P., Harvey, E. A., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I. (2014). The role of parent psychopathology in the development of preschool children with behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(5), 777-790. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.836451
  • Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(1), 113-149. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x
  • Chronis, A. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham Jr, W. E., Williams, S. H., Baumann, B. L., Kipp, H., ... & Rathouz, P. J. (2007). Maternal depression and early positive parenting predict future conduct problems in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 70. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.70
  • Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 175-199. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551
  • Corapci, F., Aksan, N., Arslan-Yalçın, D., & Yağmurlu, B. (2010). Okul öncesi dönemde duygusal, davranışsal ve sosyal uyum taraması: Sosyal yetkinlik ve davranış değerlendirme-30 ölçeği. Çocuk Ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(2), 63-74. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.369
  • Deragotis, L. R. (1992). The brief symptom inventory. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
  • Dix, T., Gershoff, E. T., Meunier, L. N., & Miller, P. C. (2004). The affective structure of supportive parenting: Depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivations. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1212-1227. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1212
  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, Α., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. Α., Shepard, S. Α., Reiser, M., . . . Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112-1134. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00337
  • Erol, N. & Şimşek, Z. (1997). Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili: Çocuk ve gençlerde yeterlik alanları ile sorun davranışların dağılımı. In N. Erol, C. Kılıç, M. Ulusoy, M. Keçeci, & Z. Şimşek (Eds.) Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili: Ön Rapor (pp 12-33). Ankara: Aydoğdu Ofset.
  • Esbjørn, B. H., Pedersen, S. H., Daniel, S. I., Hald, H. H., Holm, J. M., & Steele, H. (2013). Anxiety levels in clinically referred children and their parents: Examining the unique influence of self‐reported attachment styles and interview‐based reflective functioning in mothers and fathers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 394-407.
  • Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with Children’s negative emotions : Relations with Children’s emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907-920. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00323
  • Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the national institute of child health and human development study of early child care. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1159-1175. doi:10.1037/a0020659
  • Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
  • Guven, E., & Erden, E. (2017). Duygu sosyalleştirmenin çocuklarda gözlenen davranış sorunlarına katkısı. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 32(79), 18-32.
  • Hernandez, E., Smith, C. L., Day, K. L., Neal, A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2018). Patterns of parental emotion-related discourse and links with children’s problem behaviors: A person-centered approach. Developmental Psychology, 54(11), 2077-2089. doi:10.1037/dev0000602
  • Johnson, A. M., Hawes, D. J., Eisenberg, N., Kohlhoff, J., & Dudeney, J. (2017). Emotion socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 65-80. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001
  • Karabulut, D., Ilhan, A., Kumru, A., Arikan, G. (2016, November). Erken Çocukluk Döneminde Ebeveyn İçsel Düşünme İşlevselliği Ölçeği’nin Türk Örnekleminde Görülen Sosyometrik Yapısı. Poster presented at the 52nd National Psychiatry Congress, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Lunkenheimer, E., Ram, N., Skowron, E. A., & Yin, P. (2017). Harsh parenting, child behavior problems, and the dynamic coupling of parents’ and children’s positive behaviors. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(6), 689-698. doi:10.1037/fam0000310
  • Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Sadler, L., Fonagy, P., Nicholls, S., Crowley, M., & Slade, A. (2009). The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-1 (PRFQ-1). Unpublished manuscript, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Möller, C., Odersjö, C., Pilesjö, F., Terpening, K., Österberg, M., & Holmqvist, R. (2017). Reflective functioning, limit setting, and emotional availability in Mother–Child dyads. Parenting, 17(4), 225-241. doi:10.1080/15295192.2017.1369311
  • Morelen, D., Shaffer, A., & Suveg, C. (2016). Maternal emotion regulation: Links to emotion parenting and child emotion regulation. Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1891-1916. doi:10.1177/0192513X14546720
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (2005). Duration and developmental timing of poverty and children’s cognitive and social development from birth through third grade. Child Development, 76(4), 795-810. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00878.x
  • Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846-895. doi:10.1037/a0035444
  • Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Szatmari, P., Rae-Grant, N. I., Links, P. S., Cadman, D. T., . . . Woodward, C. A. (1987). Ontario child health study: II. six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(9), 832-836. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800210084013
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  • Rostad, W. L., & Whitaker, D. J. (2016). The association between reflective functioning and parent – child relationship quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(7), 2164-2177. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0388-7
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Examining Roles of Socioeconomic Status, Mother’s Psychological Symptoms, Reflective Functioning, and Emotion Socialization Practices on Toddler's Behavior Problems

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 3 - 12, 14.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.22.1.01

Öz

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between socio-economic status (SES), mother’s psychological symptoms, maternal reflective functioning, and mother’s use of emotional socialization practices and child behavioral problems during toddlerhood. The study also aimed to examine sex and age differences on the display of behavior problems of toddlers. Mothers who had children between the ages 1 to 3 and lived in different cities of Turkey (N = 534) participated in the study. The mothers were asked to complete a package of scales consisting of demographic form, Brief Symptom Inventory, Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, Coping with Toddler Negative Emotions Scale, and Child Behavior Checklist. Based on the mothers’ reports, the results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that SES, maternal symptoms, and mother’s use of unsupportive emotion socialization behavior predicted toddler’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Also, there was a significant age and sex differences on the child’ externalizing behavior problems with boys scoring higher than girls and older age children displaying more externalizing behavior problems than the younger ones. However, contrary to our expectations, mother’s supportive emotion socialization and reflective functioning did not predict child behavior problems. Overall, the present findings provide further support to family process model in predicting child behavior problems.

Proje Numarası

114K813

Kaynakça

  • Achenbach, T. M. & Rescorla, L. (2000). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/11/2-5 and 2001 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Child Psychiatry.
  • Arıkan, G. (2016). Improving mother-child attachment relationship with “Circle of Security Parenting” training program. Retrieved from the project in progress supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK, Grant no: 114K813.
  • Asendorpf, J. B., Denissen, J. J., & van Aken, M. A. (2008). Inhibited and aggressive preschool children at 23 years of age: Personality and social transitions into adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 997-1011. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.997
  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83-96. doi:10.2307/1129836
  • Bolton, C., Calam, R., Barrowclough, C., Peters, S., Roberts, J., Wearden, A., & Morris, J. (2003). Expressed emotion, attributions and depression in mothers of children with problem behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(2), 242-254. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00117
  • Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(2), 179-192. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.2.179
  • Bögels, S. M., & Perotti, E. C. (2011). Does father know best? A formal model of the paternal influence on childhood social anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Family Study, 20, 171– 181. doi:10.1007/s10826‐010‐9441‐0
  • Breaux, R. P., Harvey, E. A., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I. (2014). The role of parent psychopathology in the development of preschool children with behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(5), 777-790. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.836451
  • Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(1), 113-149. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01657.x
  • Chronis, A. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham Jr, W. E., Williams, S. H., Baumann, B. L., Kipp, H., ... & Rathouz, P. J. (2007). Maternal depression and early positive parenting predict future conduct problems in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 70. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.70
  • Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 175-199. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551
  • Corapci, F., Aksan, N., Arslan-Yalçın, D., & Yağmurlu, B. (2010). Okul öncesi dönemde duygusal, davranışsal ve sosyal uyum taraması: Sosyal yetkinlik ve davranış değerlendirme-30 ölçeği. Çocuk Ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(2), 63-74. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.369
  • Deragotis, L. R. (1992). The brief symptom inventory. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
  • Dix, T., Gershoff, E. T., Meunier, L. N., & Miller, P. C. (2004). The affective structure of supportive parenting: Depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivations. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1212-1227. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1212
  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, Α., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. Α., Shepard, S. Α., Reiser, M., . . . Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112-1134. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00337
  • Erol, N. & Şimşek, Z. (1997). Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili: Çocuk ve gençlerde yeterlik alanları ile sorun davranışların dağılımı. In N. Erol, C. Kılıç, M. Ulusoy, M. Keçeci, & Z. Şimşek (Eds.) Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili: Ön Rapor (pp 12-33). Ankara: Aydoğdu Ofset.
  • Esbjørn, B. H., Pedersen, S. H., Daniel, S. I., Hald, H. H., Holm, J. M., & Steele, H. (2013). Anxiety levels in clinically referred children and their parents: Examining the unique influence of self‐reported attachment styles and interview‐based reflective functioning in mothers and fathers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 394-407.
  • Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with Children’s negative emotions : Relations with Children’s emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907-920. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00323
  • Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from age 2 to age 12: Findings from the national institute of child health and human development study of early child care. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1159-1175. doi:10.1037/a0020659
  • Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
  • Guven, E., & Erden, E. (2017). Duygu sosyalleştirmenin çocuklarda gözlenen davranış sorunlarına katkısı. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 32(79), 18-32.
  • Hernandez, E., Smith, C. L., Day, K. L., Neal, A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2018). Patterns of parental emotion-related discourse and links with children’s problem behaviors: A person-centered approach. Developmental Psychology, 54(11), 2077-2089. doi:10.1037/dev0000602
  • Johnson, A. M., Hawes, D. J., Eisenberg, N., Kohlhoff, J., & Dudeney, J. (2017). Emotion socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 65-80. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001
  • Karabulut, D., Ilhan, A., Kumru, A., Arikan, G. (2016, November). Erken Çocukluk Döneminde Ebeveyn İçsel Düşünme İşlevselliği Ölçeği’nin Türk Örnekleminde Görülen Sosyometrik Yapısı. Poster presented at the 52nd National Psychiatry Congress, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Lunkenheimer, E., Ram, N., Skowron, E. A., & Yin, P. (2017). Harsh parenting, child behavior problems, and the dynamic coupling of parents’ and children’s positive behaviors. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(6), 689-698. doi:10.1037/fam0000310
  • Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Sadler, L., Fonagy, P., Nicholls, S., Crowley, M., & Slade, A. (2009). The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-1 (PRFQ-1). Unpublished manuscript, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • Möller, C., Odersjö, C., Pilesjö, F., Terpening, K., Österberg, M., & Holmqvist, R. (2017). Reflective functioning, limit setting, and emotional availability in Mother–Child dyads. Parenting, 17(4), 225-241. doi:10.1080/15295192.2017.1369311
  • Morelen, D., Shaffer, A., & Suveg, C. (2016). Maternal emotion regulation: Links to emotion parenting and child emotion regulation. Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1891-1916. doi:10.1177/0192513X14546720
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network. (2005). Duration and developmental timing of poverty and children’s cognitive and social development from birth through third grade. Child Development, 76(4), 795-810. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00878.x
  • Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846-895. doi:10.1037/a0035444
  • Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Szatmari, P., Rae-Grant, N. I., Links, P. S., Cadman, D. T., . . . Woodward, C. A. (1987). Ontario child health study: II. six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(9), 832-836. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800210084013
  • Olson, S.L., & Rosenblum, K. (1998). Preschool Antecedents of Internalizing Problems in Children Beginning School: The Role of Social Maladaptation. Early Education and Development, 9(2), 117-129. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed0902_1
  • Root, A. K., & Denham, S. A. (2010). The role of gender in the socialization of emotion: Key concepts and critical issues. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2010(128), 1-9. doi:10.1002/cd.265
  • Rostad, W. L., & Whitaker, D. J. (2016). The association between reflective functioning and parent – child relationship quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(7), 2164-2177. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0388-7
  • Roy, A. L., Isaia, A., & Li-Grining, C. P. (2019). Making meaning from money: Subjective social status and young children’s behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(2), 240-245. doi:10.1037/fam0000487
  • Sadler, L. S., Slade, A., Close, N., Webb, D. L., Simpson, T., Fennie, K., & Mayes, L. C. (2013). Minding the Baby: Enhancing reflectiveness to improve early health and relationship outcomes in an interdisciplinary home visiting program. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34(5), 391–405. doi:10.1002/imhj.21406
  • Sahin, N.H., & Durak, A. (1994) Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk Gençleri için Uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9, 44-56.
  • Silverthorn, P., & Frick, P. J. (1999). Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior: The delayed-onset pathway in girls. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 101-126. doi:10.1017/s0954579499001972
  • Siu, A. F. Y. (2008). A prevalence study on internalizing problems among primary school children in Hong Kong. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17(6), 779-790. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9189-y
  • Smaling, H. A., Huijbregts, S. C. J., Van der Heijden, K. B., Hay, D. F., Van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H. (2017). Prenatal reflective functioning and development of aggression in infancy: the roles of maternal intrusiveness and sensitivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(2), 237-248. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0177-1
  • Smalinga, H. J. A., Huijbregts, S. C. J., van der Heijdena, K. B., van Goozena, S. H. M., & Swaaba, H. (2016). Maternal reflective functioning as a multidimensional construct: Differential associations with children’s temperament and externalizing behavior. Infant Behavior & Development, 44, 263-274. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.06.007
  • Spinrad, T., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Gaertner, B., & Michalik, N. (2004, May). The coping with negative emotions scale. Paper presented at the International Conference for Infant Studies, Chicago.
  • Suveg, C., Zeman, J., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Cassano, M. (2005). Emotion socialization in families of children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 145-155. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1823-1
  • Tandon, M., Cardeli, E., & Luby, J. (2009). Internalizing disorders in early childhood: A review of depressive and anxiety disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 593-610. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.004
  • Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Seguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelazo, P. D., Boivin, M., . . . Japel, C. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics, 114(1), e43-e50. doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.e43
  • van Zeijl, J., Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Juffer, F., Stolk, M. N., ... Alink, L. R. A. (2006). Attachment-based intervention for enhancing sensitive discipline in mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children at risk for externalizing behavior problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 994-1005. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.994
  • Wadsworth, M. E., & Achenbach, T. M. (2005). Explaining the link between low socioeconomic status and psychopathology: testing two mechanisms of the social causation hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1146. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1146
  • Yi, C. Y., Gentzler, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., & Root, A. E. (2016). Linking maternal socialization of positive emotions to Children’s behavioral problems: The moderating role of self-control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1550-1558. doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0329-x
  • Zahn–Waxler, C., Klimes–Dougan, B., & Slattery, M. J. (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12(3), 443-466. doi:10.1017/S0954579400003102
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gelişim Psikolojisi, Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Afra Selcen Taşdelen 0000-0001-9842-3906

Asiye Kumru 0000-0002-1514-4248

Gızem Arıkan 0000-0003-2961-6426

Proje Numarası 114K813
Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Mart 2022
Kabul Tarihi 17 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Taşdelen, A. S., Kumru, A., & Arıkan, G. (2022). Examining Roles of Socioeconomic Status, Mother’s Psychological Symptoms, Reflective Functioning, and Emotion Socialization Practices on Toddler’s Behavior Problems. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 4(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.22.1.01