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Yahudi Etkisini Anlamak I: Yahudi Aktivizminin Arka Plân Özellikleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 46 - 65, 09.12.2023

Öz

Yahudi topluluklar, Antik dünyadan başlayarak, tarih boyunca Batı toplumları içinde defalarca güç ve nüfuz sahibi bir konuma ulaşmışlardır. Bu makalede, Yahudilerin söz konusu etkiyi yaratmaları-na imkân veren uygun arka plan özelliklerini tartışacağım: Bunlar “etnosentrizm”, “zekâ ve zengin-lik”, “psikolojik yoğunluk” ve “saldırganlık” olmak üzere dört tanedir. Burada üzerinde en çok dura-cağım özellik olan Yahudi etnosentrizmini tarihsel, antropolojik ve evrimsel olmak üzere üç bağ-lamda ve üç kritik psikolojik süreçle ilişkisi içinde tartışacağım. Bunlar ahlâkî tikelcilik, kendini kandırma ve algılanan tehdit koşulları altında dışlayıcı ve otoriter gruplar halinde bir araya gelme yönündeki güçlü Yahudi eğilimidir.

Kaynakça

  • References to the Book of Jubilees are from Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament II, ed. R. H. Charles, 1–82. Reprint, Oxford: Clarendon Press, [1913] 1966.
  • References to the Book of Maccabees are to The New English Bible: The Apocrypha. London: Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Adelman, T. Z.1999. Jewish ethics: Are they ethical? Are they Jewish? The Jewish Agency for Israel, Department for Jewish Zionist Education, August 22. http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/juice/history1/week8.html
  • Alterman, E. 2002. Intractable foes, warring narratives: While much of the world sees Mideast conflict through Palestinian eyes, in America, Israel’s view prevails; http://www.msnbc.com/news/730905.asp; March 28.
  • Ball G. and Ball, D. 1992. The Passionate Attachment: American’s Involvement with Israel, 1947 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Borowitz, E. B. 1973. The Mask Jews Wear: Self-Deceptions of American Jewry. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Boyle, S. S. 2001. The Betrayal of Palestine: The Story of George Antonius. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Burton, M. L., Moore, C. C., Whiting, J. W. M., and Romney, A. K. 1996. Regions based on social structure. Current Anthropology 37: 87–123.
  • Coughlin, R. J. 1960. Double Identity: The Chinese in Modern Thailand. Hong Kong and London: Hong Kong University Press and Oxford University Press.
  • Chernin, K. 2002. Seven pillars of denial. Tikkun, Sept./Oct.
  • Coon, C. 1958. Caravan: The Story of the Middle East, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Curtiss, R. 1998. The cost of Israel to the American people. Talk presented at the Al-Hewar Center in Vienna, Virginia, May 20, 1998.
  • Dumont, P. 1982. Jewish communities in Turkey during the last decades of the nineteenth century in light of the archives of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  • Eickleman, D. F. 1981. The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Epstein, L. M. 1942. Marriage Laws in the Bible and the Talmud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Eysenck, H. J. 1962. The Uses and Abuses of Psychology. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
  • Findley, P. 1989. They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby, 2nd ed. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
  • Gay, P. 1988. Freud: A Life for Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Getlin, J. 2002. Violence in Mideast galvanizes U.S. Jews. Los Angeles Times, April 28.
  • Gibbon, E. 1909. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 7 vols., ed. J. B. Bury. London: Methuen.
  • Goldberg, J.J. 1996. Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Goldstein, J. 1990. The Politics of Ethnic Pressure: The American Jewish Committee Fight against Immigration Restriction, 1906–1917. New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Gonen, J. Y. 1975. A Psychohistory of Zionism. New York: Mason/Charter.
  • Hamilton, W. D. 2001. At the world’s crossroads: Instability and cycling of two competing hosts with two parasites. In Narrow Roads of Gene Land: The Collected Papers of W. D. Hamilton. Vol. 2, The Evolution of Sex, pp. 253–285. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Hammer, M. F., Redd, A. J., Wood, E. T., Bonner, M. R., Jarjanazi, H., Karafet, T., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S., Oppenheim, A., Jobling, M. A., Jenkins, T., Ostrer, H., and Bonné-Tamir, B. 2000. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 9.
  • Harris, J. F. 1994. The People Speak! Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Bavaria. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Horowitz, D. 1997. Radical Son: A Journey through Our Time. New York: Free Press.
  • Horowitz, D. 2002. American conservatism: An argument with the racial right. FrontPageMagazine.com, August 27.
  • Kornberg, R. 1993. Theodore Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Larsen, R. J., and Diener, E. 1987. Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality 21:1–39.
  • Lipset, S. M., and Raab, E. 1995. Jews and the New American Scene. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Luchaire, A. 1912. Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus. New York: Frederick Ungar.
  • Lustick, I. A.1987. Israel’s dangerous fundamentalists. Foreign Policy 68 (Fall), 123–124.
  • Lynn, R. 1992. Intelligence: Ethnicity and culture. In Cultural Diversity and the Schools, ed. J. Lynch, C. Modgil, and S. Modgil. London and Washington, D.C.: Falmer Press.
  • MacDonald, K. B. 1994/2002. A People that Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy with Diaspora Peoples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. (Originally published in 1994 by Praeger, Westport, CT).
  • MacDonald, K. B. 1998a. Separation and Its Discontents: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • MacDonald, K. B. 1998b/2002. The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in TwentiethCentury Intellectual and Political Movements. Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks Library. (Originally published in 1998 by Praeger, Westport, CT).
  • MacDonald, K. B. 2002. Review of Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate by Neil Baldwin (New York: Public Affairs, 2001, 416 pp.) and The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem, by Henry Ford ( Dearborn, MI: Dearborn Independent, 1920–1921, 416 pp.). Part I: The education of a midwestern industrialist. The Occidental Quarterly 2, no. 3, 2002. Part II: The Dearborn Independent series in perspective. The Occidental Quarterly 2, no. 4.
  • Massing, M. 2002. Deal breakers, American Prospect, March 11.
  • Neuringer, S. M. 1971. American Jewry and United States Immigration Policy, 1881–1953. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1969. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. (Reprinted by Arno Press, 1980.)
  • Novick, P. 1999.The Holocaust in American Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Podhoretz, N. 1986. The hate that dare not speak its name. Commentary 82(November):21–32.
  • Podhoretz, N. 2000. My Love Affair with America: A Cautionary Tale of a Cheerful Conservative. New York: Free Press.
  • Podhoretz, N. 2002. In praise of the Bush doctrine. Commentary, September.
  • Reich, R. 1997. Locked in the Cabinet. New York: Scribner.
  • Rokach, L. 1986. Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, 3rd ed. Belmont, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduations, Inc. (Originally published 1980.)
  • Rose, P. L. 1992. Wagner: Race and Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Ross, E. A. 1914. The Old World and the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People. New York: Century.
  • Rushton, J. P. 1989. Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12: 503–559.
  • Rushton, J. P. 1999. Genetic similarity theory and the nature of ethnocentrism. In K. Thienpont and R. Cliquet (eds.) Ingroup/Out-group Behavior in Modern Societies: An Evolutionary Perspective, pp. 75–107. The Netherlands: Vlaamse Gemeeschap/CBGS.
  • Sacks, J. 1993. One People? Tradition, Modernity, and Jewish Unity. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
  • Salter, F. K. 2002. Fuzzy but real: America’s ethnic hierarchy. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Montreal, August 9.
  • Schatz, J. 1991. The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Shahak, I. 1993. Relations between Israel and organized American Jews. Middle East Policy Council Journal 2, no. 3, http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/journal_shahak/shahakmain.asp
  • Shahak, I., and Mezvinsky, N. 1999. Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. London: Pluto Press.
  • Silbiger, S. 2000. The Jewish Phenomenon: Seven Keys to the Enduring Wealth of a People. Atlanta, GA: Longstreet Press.
  • Sobel, B. Z 1986. Exodus from Israel. In E. Levine, ed., Voices from Israel: Understanding the Israeli Mind. New York, London, Toronto: Herzl Press, Cornwall Books.
  • Soloveichik, M. Y. 2003. The virtue of hate. First Things 129:41–46.
  • Sombart, W. 1913/1982. Jews and Modern Capitalism, trans. M. Epstein. Reprint, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
  • Thernstrom, S., and Thernstrom, A. 1997. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Vest, J. 2002. The men from JINSA and CSP. The Nation, September 2.
  • Walsh, W. T. 1930. Isabella of Spain: The Last Crusader. New York: Robert M. McBride.
  • Wiesel, E. 1985. Against Silence: The Voice and Vision of Elie Wiesel. Selected and edited by Irving Abrahamson, vol. 1. New York: Holocaust Library.
  • Yaffe, J. 1968. The American Jews: Portrait of a Split Personality. New York: Random House.

Understanding Jewish Influence I: Background Traits for Jewish Activism

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 46 - 65, 09.12.2023

Öz

Beginning in the ancient world, Jewish populations have repeatedly attained a position of power and influence within Western societies. I will discuss Jewish background traits conducive to influ-ence: ethnocentrism, intelligence and wealth, psychological intensity, aggressiveness, with most of the focus on ethnocentrism. I discuss Jewish ethnocentrism in its historical, anthropological, and evolutionary context and in its relation to three critical psychological processes: moral par-ticularism, self-deception, and the powerful Jewish tendency to coalesce into exclusionary, au-thoritarian groups under conditions of perceived threat.

Kaynakça

  • References to the Book of Jubilees are from Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament II, ed. R. H. Charles, 1–82. Reprint, Oxford: Clarendon Press, [1913] 1966.
  • References to the Book of Maccabees are to The New English Bible: The Apocrypha. London: Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Adelman, T. Z.1999. Jewish ethics: Are they ethical? Are they Jewish? The Jewish Agency for Israel, Department for Jewish Zionist Education, August 22. http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/juice/history1/week8.html
  • Alterman, E. 2002. Intractable foes, warring narratives: While much of the world sees Mideast conflict through Palestinian eyes, in America, Israel’s view prevails; http://www.msnbc.com/news/730905.asp; March 28.
  • Ball G. and Ball, D. 1992. The Passionate Attachment: American’s Involvement with Israel, 1947 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Borowitz, E. B. 1973. The Mask Jews Wear: Self-Deceptions of American Jewry. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Boyle, S. S. 2001. The Betrayal of Palestine: The Story of George Antonius. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Burton, M. L., Moore, C. C., Whiting, J. W. M., and Romney, A. K. 1996. Regions based on social structure. Current Anthropology 37: 87–123.
  • Coughlin, R. J. 1960. Double Identity: The Chinese in Modern Thailand. Hong Kong and London: Hong Kong University Press and Oxford University Press.
  • Chernin, K. 2002. Seven pillars of denial. Tikkun, Sept./Oct.
  • Coon, C. 1958. Caravan: The Story of the Middle East, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Curtiss, R. 1998. The cost of Israel to the American people. Talk presented at the Al-Hewar Center in Vienna, Virginia, May 20, 1998.
  • Dumont, P. 1982. Jewish communities in Turkey during the last decades of the nineteenth century in light of the archives of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, ed. B. Braude and B. Lewis. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
  • Eickleman, D. F. 1981. The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Epstein, L. M. 1942. Marriage Laws in the Bible and the Talmud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Eysenck, H. J. 1962. The Uses and Abuses of Psychology. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
  • Findley, P. 1989. They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby, 2nd ed. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
  • Gay, P. 1988. Freud: A Life for Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Getlin, J. 2002. Violence in Mideast galvanizes U.S. Jews. Los Angeles Times, April 28.
  • Gibbon, E. 1909. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 7 vols., ed. J. B. Bury. London: Methuen.
  • Goldberg, J.J. 1996. Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Goldstein, J. 1990. The Politics of Ethnic Pressure: The American Jewish Committee Fight against Immigration Restriction, 1906–1917. New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Gonen, J. Y. 1975. A Psychohistory of Zionism. New York: Mason/Charter.
  • Hamilton, W. D. 2001. At the world’s crossroads: Instability and cycling of two competing hosts with two parasites. In Narrow Roads of Gene Land: The Collected Papers of W. D. Hamilton. Vol. 2, The Evolution of Sex, pp. 253–285. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Hammer, M. F., Redd, A. J., Wood, E. T., Bonner, M. R., Jarjanazi, H., Karafet, T., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S., Oppenheim, A., Jobling, M. A., Jenkins, T., Ostrer, H., and Bonné-Tamir, B. 2000. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 9.
  • Harris, J. F. 1994. The People Speak! Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Bavaria. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Horowitz, D. 1997. Radical Son: A Journey through Our Time. New York: Free Press.
  • Horowitz, D. 2002. American conservatism: An argument with the racial right. FrontPageMagazine.com, August 27.
  • Kornberg, R. 1993. Theodore Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Larsen, R. J., and Diener, E. 1987. Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality 21:1–39.
  • Lipset, S. M., and Raab, E. 1995. Jews and the New American Scene. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Luchaire, A. 1912. Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus. New York: Frederick Ungar.
  • Lustick, I. A.1987. Israel’s dangerous fundamentalists. Foreign Policy 68 (Fall), 123–124.
  • Lynn, R. 1992. Intelligence: Ethnicity and culture. In Cultural Diversity and the Schools, ed. J. Lynch, C. Modgil, and S. Modgil. London and Washington, D.C.: Falmer Press.
  • MacDonald, K. B. 1994/2002. A People that Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy with Diaspora Peoples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. (Originally published in 1994 by Praeger, Westport, CT).
  • MacDonald, K. B. 1998a. Separation and Its Discontents: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • MacDonald, K. B. 1998b/2002. The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in TwentiethCentury Intellectual and Political Movements. Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks Library. (Originally published in 1998 by Praeger, Westport, CT).
  • MacDonald, K. B. 2002. Review of Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate by Neil Baldwin (New York: Public Affairs, 2001, 416 pp.) and The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem, by Henry Ford ( Dearborn, MI: Dearborn Independent, 1920–1921, 416 pp.). Part I: The education of a midwestern industrialist. The Occidental Quarterly 2, no. 3, 2002. Part II: The Dearborn Independent series in perspective. The Occidental Quarterly 2, no. 4.
  • Massing, M. 2002. Deal breakers, American Prospect, March 11.
  • Neuringer, S. M. 1971. American Jewry and United States Immigration Policy, 1881–1953. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1969. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. (Reprinted by Arno Press, 1980.)
  • Novick, P. 1999.The Holocaust in American Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Podhoretz, N. 1986. The hate that dare not speak its name. Commentary 82(November):21–32.
  • Podhoretz, N. 2000. My Love Affair with America: A Cautionary Tale of a Cheerful Conservative. New York: Free Press.
  • Podhoretz, N. 2002. In praise of the Bush doctrine. Commentary, September.
  • Reich, R. 1997. Locked in the Cabinet. New York: Scribner.
  • Rokach, L. 1986. Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, 3rd ed. Belmont, MA: Association of Arab-American University Graduations, Inc. (Originally published 1980.)
  • Rose, P. L. 1992. Wagner: Race and Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Ross, E. A. 1914. The Old World and the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People. New York: Century.
  • Rushton, J. P. 1989. Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12: 503–559.
  • Rushton, J. P. 1999. Genetic similarity theory and the nature of ethnocentrism. In K. Thienpont and R. Cliquet (eds.) Ingroup/Out-group Behavior in Modern Societies: An Evolutionary Perspective, pp. 75–107. The Netherlands: Vlaamse Gemeeschap/CBGS.
  • Sacks, J. 1993. One People? Tradition, Modernity, and Jewish Unity. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization.
  • Salter, F. K. 2002. Fuzzy but real: America’s ethnic hierarchy. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Montreal, August 9.
  • Schatz, J. 1991. The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Shahak, I. 1993. Relations between Israel and organized American Jews. Middle East Policy Council Journal 2, no. 3, http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/journal_shahak/shahakmain.asp
  • Shahak, I., and Mezvinsky, N. 1999. Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel. London: Pluto Press.
  • Silbiger, S. 2000. The Jewish Phenomenon: Seven Keys to the Enduring Wealth of a People. Atlanta, GA: Longstreet Press.
  • Sobel, B. Z 1986. Exodus from Israel. In E. Levine, ed., Voices from Israel: Understanding the Israeli Mind. New York, London, Toronto: Herzl Press, Cornwall Books.
  • Soloveichik, M. Y. 2003. The virtue of hate. First Things 129:41–46.
  • Sombart, W. 1913/1982. Jews and Modern Capitalism, trans. M. Epstein. Reprint, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
  • Thernstrom, S., and Thernstrom, A. 1997. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Vest, J. 2002. The men from JINSA and CSP. The Nation, September 2.
  • Walsh, W. T. 1930. Isabella of Spain: The Last Crusader. New York: Robert M. McBride.
  • Wiesel, E. 1985. Against Silence: The Voice and Vision of Elie Wiesel. Selected and edited by Irving Abrahamson, vol. 1. New York: Holocaust Library.
  • Yaffe, J. 1968. The American Jews: Portrait of a Split Personality. New York: Random House.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Çevirmenler

Hüseyin Bal 0000-0001-6946-9219

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yahudi Etkisini Anlamak I: Yahudi Aktivizminin Arka Plân Özellikleri (H. Bal, çev.). (2023). Karadeniz Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 46-65.

Karadeniz Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi

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