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Global Problem, National Solution: An Evaluation of Global Public Goods during COVID-19

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 45 - 66, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1132090

Öz

Globalist solution proposals for global public goods, which have both non-rivalry and non-excludability properties as well as cross-border externalities, emphasize collective action in the provision of these goods. However, the practice of the COVID-19 pandemic shows that the solution to such a global problem is not so global. This situation necessitates a re-evaluation of the concept of global public goods. The COVID-19 pandemic is a public bad, and efforts to combat the pandemic are an example of a public good. The global consequences of the said global public good also affected other global public goods, and these effects required the determination of priorities in the protection decisions. The policies of governments, caught between economic recession, political crises and health crises, have lagged far behind the globalist solution proposals of the global public goods theory. For this reason, the aim of the study is to determine that although the problem in the COVID-19 pandemic is global, its solution can remain at the national level and to re-evaluate the concept of global public goods within this framework. In the study, after conceptual explanations, first the externality relations between global public goods, and then the search for non-global solutions to the global COVID-19 problem (mask wars between countries, tension in international relations, disinformation processes in order not to take responsibility, the increase in distrust in international organizations, and global inequality created by patenting and pricing of vaccines) are explained.

Kaynakça

  • Anadolu Agency (2020). Kovid-19 Ülkeler Arası Maske Savaşı Başlattı (06.04.2020), https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/kovid-19-ulkeler-arasi-maske-savasi-baslatti/1793792#, (16.05.2022).
  • BBC News (2020). Covid-19 Aşısı: Zengin Ülkeler Aşı Stokçuluğuna Başladı, ‘Yoksul Ülkelerde 10 Kişiden Sadece Biri Aşılanabilecek’ (09.12.2020), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55244992, (15.05.2022).
  • Bollyky, T. J. & Bown, C. P. (2020). “The Tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism: Only Cooperation can End the Pandemic”, Foreign Affairs, 99(5), 96-109.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2006). “Combating Infectious Diseases in East Asia: Securitization and Global Public Goods for Health and Human Security”, Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 105-127.
  • Conybeare, J. A. C. (1984). “Public Goods, Prisoners’ Dilemmas and the International Political Economy”, International Studies Quarterly, 28(1), 5-22.
  • Davis, B. G. (2021). “Could You Patent the Sun? (Editorial)”, ACS Central Science, 7(4), 508-509.
  • Desai, M. (2003). “Public Goods: A Historical Perspective”, Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Conceição, P., Goulven, K. L. & Mendoza, R. U., Oxford University Press, New York, 63-77.
  • Deutsche Welle (DW) (2020a). ABD ve Çin Arasında “Koronavirüsü Kim Çıkardı” Kavgası (17.04.2020), https://www.dw.com/tr/abd-ve-çin-arasında-koronavirüsü-kim-çıkardı-kavgası/a-53168467, (16.05.2022).
  • Deutsche Welle (DW) (2020b). ABD DSÖ’den Ayrılmak İçin Resmen Başvurdu (08.07.2020), https://www.dw.com/tr/abd-dsöden-ayrılmak-için-resmen-başvurdu/a-54086076, (15.05.2022).
  • Development Committee (2000). Poverty Reduction and Global Public Goods: Issues for the World Bank in Supporting Global Collective Action, the World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Euronews (2020). Trump: Rakamların Kötü Görünmemesi İçin Covid-19 Testinin Azaltılmasını İstedim (21.06.2020), https://tr.euronews.com/2020/06/21/trump-rakamlar-n-kotu-gorunmemesi-icin-covid-19-testinin-azalt-lmas-n-istedim, (15.05.2022).
  • Frankman, M. J. (1996). “International Taxation: The Trajectory of an Idea from Lorimer to Brandt”, World Development, 24(5), 807-820.
  • Gartner, D. (2012). “Global Public Goods and Global Health”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 22(3), 303-318.
  • Hein, W., & Paschke, A. (2020). “Access to COVID-19 Vaccines and Medicines – A Global Public Good”, GIGA Focus Global, (4), 1-12, https://pure.giga-hamburg.de/ws/files/21566176/web_global_2020_04.pdf, (02.06.2022).
  • Herber, B. P. (1990). “The International Public Goods of Antarctica: A New Politico-Economic Regime for the World’s Seventh Continent”, Public Finance, Trade, and Development: Proceedings of the 44th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, (Ed.) Tanzi, V., Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 263-276.
  • Kanbur, R. (2001). “Cross-Border Externalities, International Public Goods and Their Implications for Aid Agencies”, Working Paper (WP 2001-3), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/127364/files/Cornell_Dyson_wp0103.pdf, (11.06.2022).
  • Kanbur, R., Sandler, T., & Morrison, K. M. (1999). The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and International Public Goods, Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC.
  • Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A. (1999a). “Defining Global Public Goods”, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A., Oxford University Press, New York, 2-19.
  • Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A. (1999b). “Conclusion - Global Public Goods: Concepts, Policies and Strategies”, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A., Oxford University Press, New York, 450-507.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1981). “Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides”, International Studies Quarterly, 25(2), 242-254.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1986). “International Public Goods without International Government”, the American Economic Review, 76(1), 1-13.
  • Laxminarayan, R., & Malani, A. (2011). “Economics of Infectious Diseases”, The Oxford Handbook of Health Economics, (Eds.) Glied, S. & Smith, P. C., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 189-205.
  • Mendez, R. P. (1992). International Public Finance: A New Perspective on Global Relations, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Moore, D. (2004). “The Second Age of the Third World: From Primitive Accumulation to Global Public Goods?”, Third World Quarterly, 25(1), 87-109.
  • Morrissey, O., te Velde, D. W., & Hewitt, A. (2002). “Defining International Public Goods: Conceptual Issues”, International Public Goods: Incentives, Measurement, and Financing, (Eds.) Ferroni, M. & Mody, A., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 31-46.
  • OECD (2022). Air and GHG Emissions (indicator), doi: 10.1787/93d10cf7-en. https://data.oecd.org/air/air-and-ghg-emissions.htm, (22.03.2022).
  • Our World in Data (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Share of People Vaccinated Against COVID-19, May 7, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations, (15.05.2022).
  • Reisen, H. (2004). Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals, OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs, No. 24, OECD Publishing, doi:10.1787/580523311442.
  • Reuters (2020). In a First, Missouri Sues China over Coronavirus Economic Losses (21.04.2020), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-lawsuit-idUSKCN2232US, (15.05.2022).
  • Sagasti, F., & Bezanson, K. (2001). Financing and Providing Global Public Goods: Expectations and Prospects, Development Financing 2000 (Study 2001:2), Ministry for Foreign Affair Sweden, Stockholm, https://www.cbd.int/financial/interdevinno/sweden-interdev.pdf, (14.02.2022).
  • Samuelson, P. A. (1954). “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”, the Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4), 387-389.
  • Sandler, T. (1998). “Global and Regional Public Goods: A Prognosis for Collective Action”, Fiscal Studies, 19(3), 221-247.
  • Sandler, T. (2001). On Financing Global and International Public Goods, Policy Research Working Paper 2638, World Bank Economic Policy and Prospects Group, Washington D.C.
  • Sandler, T. (2020). “COVID-19 and Collective Action”, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 26(3), 20200023, https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0023.
  • Sandmo, A. (2006). “Global Public Economics: Public Goods and Externalities”, Économie publique/Public economics, 18-19 | 2006/1-2, 57-75.
  • Smith, R., Woodward, D., Acharya, A., Beaglehole, R., & Drager, N. (2004). “Communicable Disease Control: A ‘Global Public Good’ Perspective”, Health Policy and Planning, 19(5), 271-278.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2006). “Global Public Goods and Global Finance: Does Global Governance Ensure That The Global Public Interest Is Served?”, Advancing Public Goods, (Ed.) Touffut, J.-P., Edward Elgar Publishing, Gloucestershire, 149-164.
  • The Guardian (2020). Judge Orders Bolsonaro to Resume Publishing Brazil Covid-19 Data (09.06.2020), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/judge-orders-bolsonaro-to-resume-publishing-brazil-covid-19-data, (15.05.2022).
  • The People’s Vaccine (2022). 130+ Leading Voices Call for an End to Vaccine Monopolies After Two Years of Pandemic, https://peoplesvaccine.org/resources/media-releases/world-leader-2-year-letter/, (14.05.2022).
  • The World Bank (2001). Global Development Finance 2001 (Vol.1), the World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • The World Bank (2022). Open Data by Indicator, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator, (23.03.2022).
  • United Nations (2020). Press Release (4 June 2020), https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20108.doc.htm, (14.05.2022).
  • Vanderslott, S., Emary, K., Naude, R., English, M., Thomas, T., Patrick-Smith, M., Henry, J., Douglas, N., Moore, M., Stuart, A., Hodgson, S. H., & Pollard, A. J. (2021). “Vaccine Nationalism and Internationalism: Perspectives of COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participants in the United Kingdom”, BMJ Global Health, 6(10), e006305, https://gh.bmj.com/content/bmjgh/6/10/e006305.full.pdf, (02.06.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020a). Disease Outbreak News, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news, (19.05.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020b). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports, (19.05.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020c). WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Mission Briefing on COVID-19 (26 February 2020), https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---26-february-2020, (19.05.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int/, (09.06.2022).
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (2001). Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (20 November 2001), https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm, (01.06.2022).
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (2021). Members Discuss TRIPS Waiver Request, Exchange Views on IP Role amid a Pandemic (23 February 2021), https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/trip_23feb21_e.htm, (01.06.2022).
  • Yamey, G., Jamison, D., Hanssen, O., & Soucat, A. (2019). “Financing Global Common Goods for Health: When the World Is a Country”, Health Systems & Reform, 5(4), 334-349.
  • Zacher, M. W. (1999). “Global Epidemiological Surveillance: International Cooperation to Monitor Infectious Diseases”, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A., Oxford University Press, New York, 266-283.

Global Problem, National Solution: An Evaluation of Global Public Goods during COVID-19

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 45 - 66, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1132090

Öz

Globalist solution proposals for global public goods, which have both non-rivalry and non-excludability properties as well as cross-border externalities, emphasize collective action in the provision of these goods. However, the practice of the COVID-19 pandemic shows that the solution to such a global problem is not so global. This situation necessitates a re-evaluation of the concept of global public goods. The COVID-19 pandemic is a public bad, and efforts to combat the pandemic are an example of a public good. The global consequences of the said global public good also affected other global public goods, and these effects required the determination of priorities in the protection decisions. The policies of governments, caught between economic recession, political crises and health crises, have lagged far behind the globalist solution proposals of the global public goods theory. For this reason, the aim of the study is to determine that although the problem in the COVID-19 pandemic is global, its solution can remain at the national level and to re-evaluate the concept of global public goods within this framework. In the study, after conceptual explanations, first the externality relations between global public goods, and then the search for non-global solutions to the global COVID-19 problem (mask wars between countries, tension in international relations, disinformation processes in order not to take responsibility, the increase in distrust in international organizations, and global inequality created by patenting and pricing of vaccines) are explained.

Kaynakça

  • Anadolu Agency (2020). Kovid-19 Ülkeler Arası Maske Savaşı Başlattı (06.04.2020), https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/kovid-19-ulkeler-arasi-maske-savasi-baslatti/1793792#, (16.05.2022).
  • BBC News (2020). Covid-19 Aşısı: Zengin Ülkeler Aşı Stokçuluğuna Başladı, ‘Yoksul Ülkelerde 10 Kişiden Sadece Biri Aşılanabilecek’ (09.12.2020), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55244992, (15.05.2022).
  • Bollyky, T. J. & Bown, C. P. (2020). “The Tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism: Only Cooperation can End the Pandemic”, Foreign Affairs, 99(5), 96-109.
  • Caballero-Anthony, M. (2006). “Combating Infectious Diseases in East Asia: Securitization and Global Public Goods for Health and Human Security”, Journal of International Affairs, 59(2), 105-127.
  • Conybeare, J. A. C. (1984). “Public Goods, Prisoners’ Dilemmas and the International Political Economy”, International Studies Quarterly, 28(1), 5-22.
  • Davis, B. G. (2021). “Could You Patent the Sun? (Editorial)”, ACS Central Science, 7(4), 508-509.
  • Desai, M. (2003). “Public Goods: A Historical Perspective”, Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Conceição, P., Goulven, K. L. & Mendoza, R. U., Oxford University Press, New York, 63-77.
  • Deutsche Welle (DW) (2020a). ABD ve Çin Arasında “Koronavirüsü Kim Çıkardı” Kavgası (17.04.2020), https://www.dw.com/tr/abd-ve-çin-arasında-koronavirüsü-kim-çıkardı-kavgası/a-53168467, (16.05.2022).
  • Deutsche Welle (DW) (2020b). ABD DSÖ’den Ayrılmak İçin Resmen Başvurdu (08.07.2020), https://www.dw.com/tr/abd-dsöden-ayrılmak-için-resmen-başvurdu/a-54086076, (15.05.2022).
  • Development Committee (2000). Poverty Reduction and Global Public Goods: Issues for the World Bank in Supporting Global Collective Action, the World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Euronews (2020). Trump: Rakamların Kötü Görünmemesi İçin Covid-19 Testinin Azaltılmasını İstedim (21.06.2020), https://tr.euronews.com/2020/06/21/trump-rakamlar-n-kotu-gorunmemesi-icin-covid-19-testinin-azalt-lmas-n-istedim, (15.05.2022).
  • Frankman, M. J. (1996). “International Taxation: The Trajectory of an Idea from Lorimer to Brandt”, World Development, 24(5), 807-820.
  • Gartner, D. (2012). “Global Public Goods and Global Health”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 22(3), 303-318.
  • Hein, W., & Paschke, A. (2020). “Access to COVID-19 Vaccines and Medicines – A Global Public Good”, GIGA Focus Global, (4), 1-12, https://pure.giga-hamburg.de/ws/files/21566176/web_global_2020_04.pdf, (02.06.2022).
  • Herber, B. P. (1990). “The International Public Goods of Antarctica: A New Politico-Economic Regime for the World’s Seventh Continent”, Public Finance, Trade, and Development: Proceedings of the 44th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, (Ed.) Tanzi, V., Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 263-276.
  • Kanbur, R. (2001). “Cross-Border Externalities, International Public Goods and Their Implications for Aid Agencies”, Working Paper (WP 2001-3), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/127364/files/Cornell_Dyson_wp0103.pdf, (11.06.2022).
  • Kanbur, R., Sandler, T., & Morrison, K. M. (1999). The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and International Public Goods, Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC.
  • Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A. (1999a). “Defining Global Public Goods”, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A., Oxford University Press, New York, 2-19.
  • Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A. (1999b). “Conclusion - Global Public Goods: Concepts, Policies and Strategies”, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A., Oxford University Press, New York, 450-507.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1981). “Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides”, International Studies Quarterly, 25(2), 242-254.
  • Kindleberger, C. P. (1986). “International Public Goods without International Government”, the American Economic Review, 76(1), 1-13.
  • Laxminarayan, R., & Malani, A. (2011). “Economics of Infectious Diseases”, The Oxford Handbook of Health Economics, (Eds.) Glied, S. & Smith, P. C., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 189-205.
  • Mendez, R. P. (1992). International Public Finance: A New Perspective on Global Relations, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Moore, D. (2004). “The Second Age of the Third World: From Primitive Accumulation to Global Public Goods?”, Third World Quarterly, 25(1), 87-109.
  • Morrissey, O., te Velde, D. W., & Hewitt, A. (2002). “Defining International Public Goods: Conceptual Issues”, International Public Goods: Incentives, Measurement, and Financing, (Eds.) Ferroni, M. & Mody, A., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 31-46.
  • OECD (2022). Air and GHG Emissions (indicator), doi: 10.1787/93d10cf7-en. https://data.oecd.org/air/air-and-ghg-emissions.htm, (22.03.2022).
  • Our World in Data (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Share of People Vaccinated Against COVID-19, May 7, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations, (15.05.2022).
  • Reisen, H. (2004). Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals, OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs, No. 24, OECD Publishing, doi:10.1787/580523311442.
  • Reuters (2020). In a First, Missouri Sues China over Coronavirus Economic Losses (21.04.2020), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-lawsuit-idUSKCN2232US, (15.05.2022).
  • Sagasti, F., & Bezanson, K. (2001). Financing and Providing Global Public Goods: Expectations and Prospects, Development Financing 2000 (Study 2001:2), Ministry for Foreign Affair Sweden, Stockholm, https://www.cbd.int/financial/interdevinno/sweden-interdev.pdf, (14.02.2022).
  • Samuelson, P. A. (1954). “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”, the Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4), 387-389.
  • Sandler, T. (1998). “Global and Regional Public Goods: A Prognosis for Collective Action”, Fiscal Studies, 19(3), 221-247.
  • Sandler, T. (2001). On Financing Global and International Public Goods, Policy Research Working Paper 2638, World Bank Economic Policy and Prospects Group, Washington D.C.
  • Sandler, T. (2020). “COVID-19 and Collective Action”, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 26(3), 20200023, https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0023.
  • Sandmo, A. (2006). “Global Public Economics: Public Goods and Externalities”, Économie publique/Public economics, 18-19 | 2006/1-2, 57-75.
  • Smith, R., Woodward, D., Acharya, A., Beaglehole, R., & Drager, N. (2004). “Communicable Disease Control: A ‘Global Public Good’ Perspective”, Health Policy and Planning, 19(5), 271-278.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2006). “Global Public Goods and Global Finance: Does Global Governance Ensure That The Global Public Interest Is Served?”, Advancing Public Goods, (Ed.) Touffut, J.-P., Edward Elgar Publishing, Gloucestershire, 149-164.
  • The Guardian (2020). Judge Orders Bolsonaro to Resume Publishing Brazil Covid-19 Data (09.06.2020), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/judge-orders-bolsonaro-to-resume-publishing-brazil-covid-19-data, (15.05.2022).
  • The People’s Vaccine (2022). 130+ Leading Voices Call for an End to Vaccine Monopolies After Two Years of Pandemic, https://peoplesvaccine.org/resources/media-releases/world-leader-2-year-letter/, (14.05.2022).
  • The World Bank (2001). Global Development Finance 2001 (Vol.1), the World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • The World Bank (2022). Open Data by Indicator, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator, (23.03.2022).
  • United Nations (2020). Press Release (4 June 2020), https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sgsm20108.doc.htm, (14.05.2022).
  • Vanderslott, S., Emary, K., Naude, R., English, M., Thomas, T., Patrick-Smith, M., Henry, J., Douglas, N., Moore, M., Stuart, A., Hodgson, S. H., & Pollard, A. J. (2021). “Vaccine Nationalism and Internationalism: Perspectives of COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participants in the United Kingdom”, BMJ Global Health, 6(10), e006305, https://gh.bmj.com/content/bmjgh/6/10/e006305.full.pdf, (02.06.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020a). Disease Outbreak News, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news, (19.05.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020b). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports, (19.05.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2020c). WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Mission Briefing on COVID-19 (26 February 2020), https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---26-february-2020, (19.05.2022).
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int/, (09.06.2022).
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (2001). Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (20 November 2001), https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm, (01.06.2022).
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (2021). Members Discuss TRIPS Waiver Request, Exchange Views on IP Role amid a Pandemic (23 February 2021), https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/trip_23feb21_e.htm, (01.06.2022).
  • Yamey, G., Jamison, D., Hanssen, O., & Soucat, A. (2019). “Financing Global Common Goods for Health: When the World Is a Country”, Health Systems & Reform, 5(4), 334-349.
  • Zacher, M. W. (1999). “Global Epidemiological Surveillance: International Cooperation to Monitor Infectious Diseases”, Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (Eds.) Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A., Oxford University Press, New York, 266-283.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cihan Yüksel 0000-0003-1959-1245

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Haziran 2022
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yüksel, C. (2023). Global Problem, National Solution: An Evaluation of Global Public Goods during COVID-19. International Journal of Public Finance, 8(1), 45-66. https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.1132090

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