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AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3, 472 - 493, 30.09.2022

Seymur Ağazade Aykut Karakaya

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1003460

Öz

Bu çalışmada inovasyonun dış ticaret üzerindeki etkisi Avrupa ülkeleri örneğinde 2000-2017 dönemi verileri temel alınarak ve panel veri yöntemleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada inovasyon göstergesi olarak Ar-Ge yoğunluğu kullanılmış olup, dış ticarete ilişkin ise ihracat yoğunluğu, ithalat yoğunluğu ve ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı değişkenleri dikkate alınmıştır. Değişkenlerin durağan olmadıklarına işaret eden birim kök testi sonuçları ve model parametrelerinin ülkelere göre heterojenliği dikkate alınarak inovasyon ve dış ticaret değişkenleri arasındaki ilişki Westerlund (2007) HDM koentegrasyon testi ve Pesaran (2006) CCEMG modeli çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Westerlund (2007) HDM koentegrasyon testi sonucunda, inovasyon ile her üç dış ticaret değişkeninin koentegre olduğu bulunmuştur. Pesaran (2006) CCEMG yöntemi dâhilinde ihracat, ithalat ve ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranı için tahmin edilen modellerden ise sadece ilkinde inovasyonun dış ticaret üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular hem uzun hem de kısa dönemde inovasyonun ihracatı pozitif yönde etkilediğini gösterirken, ithalatı ve ihracatın ithalatı karşılama oranını etkilemediğine işaret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte CCEMG modeli ile yapılan tahminlerle, inovasyon ve dış ticaret değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkinin ülkelere göre farklılık gösterdiği, Türkiye için ise bu ilişkinin desteklenmediği görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar, ülkelere göre farklılıkların olduğuna işaret etmekle birlikte ihracat artışına ilişkin politika hedefleri belirleyen ülkelerin inovasyonu destekleyici tedbirleri de dikkate almaları gerektiğini göstermektedir. Böyle bir tercih kalıcı rekabet üstünlüğünü destekleyen inovasyon ve teknolojik yetenek birikimine katkı sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnovasyon dış ticaret panel koentegrasyon CCEMG tahmincileri Avrupa ülkeleri

Kaynakça

  • Alarcón, S., & Sánchez, M. (2016). Is there a virtuous circle relationship between innovation activities and exports? A comparison of food and agricultural firms. Food Policy, 61, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.02.004
  • Basile, R. (2001). Export behaviour of Italian manufacturing firms over the nineties: The role of innovation. Research Policy, 30(8), 1185-1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00141-4
  • Bernard, A. B., Eaton, J., Jensen, J. B., & Kortum, S. (2003). Plants and productivity in international trade. American Economic Review, 93(4), 1268-1290. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206296
  • Bernard, A. B., Jensen, J. B. (1999). Exceptional exporter performance: Cause, effect, or both? Journal of International Economics, 47(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(98)00027-0
  • Bernard, A. B., & Wagner, J. (1997). Exports and success in German manufacturing. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 133, 134-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707680
  • Bojnec, Š., & Fertő, I. (2011). Impacts of research and development on manufacturing trade. Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, 29(1), 65-88.
  • Chudik, A., Pesaran, M. H., & Tosetti, E. (2011). Weak and strong cross-section dependence and estimation of large panels. Econometrics Journal, 14, C45-C90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2010.00330.x
  • Cipollina, M., Demaria, F., & Pietrovito, F. (2016). Determinants of trade: The role of innovation in presence of quality standards. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 16, 455-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-016-0234-z
  • Clerides, S. K., Lach, S., & Tybout, J. R. (1998). Is 'learning-by-exporting' important? Micro-dynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 903-947. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355398555784
  • D’Angelo, A. (2012). Innovation and export performance: A study of Italian high-tech SMEs. Journal of Management & Governance, 16, 393-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9157-y
  • DiPietro, W. R., & Anoruo, E. (2006). Creativity, innovation, and export performance. Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.10.001
  • Dohse, D., & Niebuhr, A. (2018). How different kinds of innovation affect exporting. Economics Letters, 163, 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.12.017
  • Dünya Bankası, Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri Veritabanı. (çevrim içi). 05.01.2019 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Everaert, G., & Groote, T. D. (2016). Common correlated effects estimation of dynamic panels with cross-sectional dependence. Econometric Reviews, 35(3), 428-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.966635
  • Fagerberg, J. (1988). International competitiveness. The Economic Journal, 98(391), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233372
  • Ghazalian, P., & Furtan, W. H. (2007). The effect of innovation on agricultural and agri-food exports in OECD countries. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 32(3), 448-461. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40982690
  • Greenhalgh, C. (1990). Innovation and trade performance in the United Kingdom. The Economic Journal, 100(400), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234188
  • Helpman, E., Melitz, M. J., & Yeaple, S. R. (2004). Export versus FDI with heterogeneous firms. American Economic Review, 94(1), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970814
  • Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Yagamata, T. (2011). Panels with nonstationary multifactor error structures. Journal of Econometrics, 160(2), 326-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.10.001
  • Karakaya, A., Ağazade, S., & Perçin, S. (2017). Türk imalat sanayinde ihracat ve inovasyon arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 3(2), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.326740
  • Krugman, P. R. (1979). Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 9(4), 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5
  • Lachenmaier, S., & Wößmann, L. (2006). Does innovation cause exports? Evidence from exogenous innovation impulses and obstacles using German micro data. Oxford Economic Papers, 58(2), 317-350. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpi043
  • Landesmann, M., & Pfaffermayr, M. (1997). Technological competition and trade performance. Applied Economics, 29(2), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368497327254
  • Levin, A., & Lin, C-F. (1992). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. UC San Diego Working Paper, 92-123.
  • Melitz, M. J. (2003). The impact of trade on intra‐industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467
  • Montobbio, F., & Rampa, F. (2005). The impact of technology and structural change on export performance in nine developing countries. World Development, 33(4), 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.001
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro iktisat politikalarının tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkisi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir karşılaştırma. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Oliviero, A. C., & Medda, G. (2020). Linkages between R&D, innovation, investment and export performance: Evidence from European manufacturing firms. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 32(12), 1379-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1769841
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge WP 0435 In Economics.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A sample panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Pla-Barber, J., & Alegre, J. (2007). Analysing the link between export intensity, innovation and firm size in a science-based industry. International Business Review, 16(3), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2007.02.005
  • Posner, M. (1961). International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13(3), 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a040877
  • Roberts, M., & Tybout, J. (1997). The decision to export in Colombia: An empirical model of entry with sunk costs. American Economic Review, 87(4), 545-564.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913012
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2017). Panel zaman serileri analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Vernon, V. (1966), International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190-207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689
  • Verspagen, B., & Wakelin, K. (1997). Trade and technology from a Schumpeterian perspective. International Review of Applied Economics, 11(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692179700000012
  • Wagner, J. (2002). The causal effect of exports on firm size and labor productivity: First evidence from a matching approach. Economics Letters, 77(2), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.1142/9781786349699_0005
  • Wakelin, K. (1998a). The role of innovation in bilateral OECD trade performance. Applied Economics, 30(10), 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368498324959
  • Wakelin, K. (1998b). Innovation and export behaviour at the firm level. Research Policy, 26(7–8), 829-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00051-6
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INNOVATION AND FOREIGN TRADE IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3, 472 - 493, 30.09.2022

Seymur Ağazade Aykut Karakaya

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1003460

Öz

This study investigates the effect of innovation on foreign trade in European countries for the period of 2000-2017 using panel data methods. R&D intensity was used as an indicator of innovation, and export intensity, import intensity and the ratio of exports to imports were considered as foreign trade indicators. Considering the results of unit root tests indicating the nonstationary of the variables and the heterogeneity of parameters across countries, the relationship between innovation and foreign trade variables was examined by using Westerlund (2007) HDM cointegration test and Pesaran (2006) CCEMG model. Westerlund (2007) HDM cointegration test showed that innovation and all three foreign trade variables are cointegrated. Among the models estimated for exports, imports, and the ratio of exports to imports within the framework of Pesaran (2006) CCEMG method, it was found that innovation affects foreign trade only in the first model. These findings supports that innovation influences exports positively in both the long and short run. However, innovation did not influence imports and the ratio of exports to imports. Furthermore, the CCEMG model showed that the relationship between innovation and foreign trade variables varies across countries, while this relationship was not supported for Turkey. The results indicate that although there are differences across countries, when setting policy targets for export growth, they should also consider measures to support innovation. It is thought that such a preference will contribute to the innovation and technological capability accumulation that support permanent competitive advantage. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Innovation Foreign Trade Panel cointegration CCEMG Estimators European Countries Innovation

Kaynakça

  • Alarcón, S., & Sánchez, M. (2016). Is there a virtuous circle relationship between innovation activities and exports? A comparison of food and agricultural firms. Food Policy, 61, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.02.004
  • Basile, R. (2001). Export behaviour of Italian manufacturing firms over the nineties: The role of innovation. Research Policy, 30(8), 1185-1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00141-4
  • Bernard, A. B., Eaton, J., Jensen, J. B., & Kortum, S. (2003). Plants and productivity in international trade. American Economic Review, 93(4), 1268-1290. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206296
  • Bernard, A. B., Jensen, J. B. (1999). Exceptional exporter performance: Cause, effect, or both? Journal of International Economics, 47(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(98)00027-0
  • Bernard, A. B., & Wagner, J. (1997). Exports and success in German manufacturing. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 133, 134-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707680
  • Bojnec, Š., & Fertő, I. (2011). Impacts of research and development on manufacturing trade. Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, 29(1), 65-88.
  • Chudik, A., Pesaran, M. H., & Tosetti, E. (2011). Weak and strong cross-section dependence and estimation of large panels. Econometrics Journal, 14, C45-C90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2010.00330.x
  • Cipollina, M., Demaria, F., & Pietrovito, F. (2016). Determinants of trade: The role of innovation in presence of quality standards. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 16, 455-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-016-0234-z
  • Clerides, S. K., Lach, S., & Tybout, J. R. (1998). Is 'learning-by-exporting' important? Micro-dynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 903-947. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355398555784
  • D’Angelo, A. (2012). Innovation and export performance: A study of Italian high-tech SMEs. Journal of Management & Governance, 16, 393-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9157-y
  • DiPietro, W. R., & Anoruo, E. (2006). Creativity, innovation, and export performance. Journal of Policy Modeling, 28(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.10.001
  • Dohse, D., & Niebuhr, A. (2018). How different kinds of innovation affect exporting. Economics Letters, 163, 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.12.017
  • Dünya Bankası, Dünya Kalkınma Göstergeleri Veritabanı. (çevrim içi). 05.01.2019 tarihinde https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Everaert, G., & Groote, T. D. (2016). Common correlated effects estimation of dynamic panels with cross-sectional dependence. Econometric Reviews, 35(3), 428-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.966635
  • Fagerberg, J. (1988). International competitiveness. The Economic Journal, 98(391), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233372
  • Ghazalian, P., & Furtan, W. H. (2007). The effect of innovation on agricultural and agri-food exports in OECD countries. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 32(3), 448-461. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40982690
  • Greenhalgh, C. (1990). Innovation and trade performance in the United Kingdom. The Economic Journal, 100(400), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234188
  • Helpman, E., Melitz, M. J., & Yeaple, S. R. (2004). Export versus FDI with heterogeneous firms. American Economic Review, 94(1), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282804322970814
  • Kapetanios, G., Pesaran, M. H., & Yagamata, T. (2011). Panels with nonstationary multifactor error structures. Journal of Econometrics, 160(2), 326-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.10.001
  • Karakaya, A., Ağazade, S., & Perçin, S. (2017). Türk imalat sanayinde ihracat ve inovasyon arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 3(2), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.326740
  • Krugman, P. R. (1979). Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 9(4), 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5
  • Lachenmaier, S., & Wößmann, L. (2006). Does innovation cause exports? Evidence from exogenous innovation impulses and obstacles using German micro data. Oxford Economic Papers, 58(2), 317-350. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpi043
  • Landesmann, M., & Pfaffermayr, M. (1997). Technological competition and trade performance. Applied Economics, 29(2), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368497327254
  • Levin, A., & Lin, C-F. (1992). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. UC San Diego Working Paper, 92-123.
  • Melitz, M. J. (2003). The impact of trade on intra‐industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467
  • Montobbio, F., & Rampa, F. (2005). The impact of technology and structural change on export performance in nine developing countries. World Development, 33(4), 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.01.001
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro iktisat politikalarının tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkisi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir karşılaştırma. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Oliviero, A. C., & Medda, G. (2020). Linkages between R&D, innovation, investment and export performance: Evidence from European manufacturing firms. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 32(12), 1379-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1769841
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge WP 0435 In Economics.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A sample panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Pla-Barber, J., & Alegre, J. (2007). Analysing the link between export intensity, innovation and firm size in a science-based industry. International Business Review, 16(3), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2007.02.005
  • Posner, M. (1961). International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13(3), 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a040877
  • Roberts, M., & Tybout, J. (1997). The decision to export in Colombia: An empirical model of entry with sunk costs. American Economic Review, 87(4), 545-564.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest and the business cycle. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913012
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2017). Panel zaman serileri analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Vernon, V. (1966), International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2), 190-207. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880689
  • Verspagen, B., & Wakelin, K. (1997). Trade and technology from a Schumpeterian perspective. International Review of Applied Economics, 11(2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692179700000012
  • Wagner, J. (2002). The causal effect of exports on firm size and labor productivity: First evidence from a matching approach. Economics Letters, 77(2), 287-292. https://doi.org/10.1142/9781786349699_0005
  • Wakelin, K. (1998a). The role of innovation in bilateral OECD trade performance. Applied Economics, 30(10), 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368498324959
  • Wakelin, K. (1998b). Innovation and export behaviour at the firm level. Research Policy, 26(7–8), 829-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00051-6
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
Yazarlar

Seymur Ağazade 0000-0001-5484-5189

Aykut Karakaya 0000-0001-6491-132X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Ağazade, S., & Karakaya, A. (2022). AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(3), 472-493. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1003460
AMA Ağazade S, Karakaya A. AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Eylül 2022;40(3):472-493. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1003460
Chicago Ağazade, Seymur, ve Aykut Karakaya. “AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 472-93. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1003460.
EndNote Ağazade S, Karakaya A (01 Eylül 2022) AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40 3 472–493.
IEEE S. Ağazade ve A. Karakaya, “AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 40, sy. 3, ss. 472–493, 2022, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1003460.
ISNAD Ağazade, Seymur - Karakaya, Aykut. “AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40/3 (Eylül 2022), 472-493. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1003460.
JAMA Ağazade S, Karakaya A. AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;40:472–493.
MLA Ağazade, Seymur ve Aykut Karakaya. “AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 40, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 472-93, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1003460.
Vancouver Ağazade S, Karakaya A. AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE İNOVASYON VE DIŞ TİCARET ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;40(3):472-93.
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