Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ortadoğu’da Gıda Güvensizliği, Karadeniz Tahıl Koridoru Girişimi ve Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 47, 63 - 82, 26.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1423303

Öz

Bugün Ortadoğu ülkelerinin neredeyse tamamı beslenme sorunuyla karşı karşıya olup petrol gelirlerinin önemli bir kısmını gıdaya ayırmaktadır. Hali hazırda değişen ve zorlaşan iklim koşullarının ve su baskısının yanı sıra bölgede süregelen çatışma ve savaş ortamının, yoksulluğun, satın alma gücünün yetersizliğinin ve salgın hastalıkların bunda etken olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak son yıllarda Rusya’nın Ukrayna ile yaşadığı sorunların tırmanması, bu kırılgan bölgedeki açlık seviyesini daha da şiddetlendirmiş ve kendi kendine yetebilen ülkeleri bile zor durumda bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin ev sahipliğinde diplomatik girişimlerle yaşama geçirilen ve Ukrayna tahılının güvenli bir şekilde uluslararası pazarlarına aktarılmasını sağlayan Karadeniz Tahıl Koridoru Girişimi ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma, Ortadoğu ülkelerindeki gıda güvensizliğinin kökenlerini ve etkilerini kapsamlı bir biçimde tartışarak başlamaktadır. Bunu takiben, bu Girişim’in bölge siyasetindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Mevcut sorunun çözümü için neden-sonuç etkileşimlerinin anlaşılmasını esas alan bütünleşik bir yaklaşım uygulanmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler ise, tarama tekniğiyle toplanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AMERY Hussein (2012). “Food Security in the Middle East”, Andres Jägerskog, Michael Schulz and Ashok Swain (eds.), Routledge Handbook on Middle East Security, Routledge, London.
  • AREZKI Rabah MORENO-DODSON Blanca YUTING FAN Rachel GANSEY Romeo NGUYEN Ha NGUYEN Minh Cong MOTTAGHI Lili TSAKAS Constantin and WOOD Christina A. (2020). Trading Together: Reviving Middle East and North Africa Regional Integration in the Post-Covid Era, Middle East and North Africa Economic Update (October), Washington, DC, World Bank.
  • ARTAM Atila (1991). Sosyo-Ekonomik Açıdan Ortadoğu Bölgesinde Gıda Güvenliği, Doktora Tezi, T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • AY Hakkı M. and SÖYLEMEZ Adnan (2023). “Grain Corridor Agreement and Turkey’s Role in the Russia-Ukraine War”, Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 7:1, 1-10.
  • ÇOLAKOĞLU Elif (2017). “Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Ortadoğu’da Su ve Gıda Güvencesi İlişkisi”, Türk İdare Dergisi, 484, 91-112.
  • DAĞ Ahmet Emin (2005). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable, 2022.
  • FAO, The impact of COVID-19 in the Near East and North Africa Region and FAO’s Response Plan, FAO Regional Conference for The Near East, Thirty-fifth Session, 21-22 September 2020.
  • FAO/ WFP. Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to the Syrian Arab Republic, 14 November 2016, Rome, 2016.
  • HAMEED Maysoun MORADKHANI Hamid AHMADALIPOUR Ali MOFTAKHARI Hamed ABBASZADEH Peyman and ALIPOUR Atieh (2019). “A Review of the 21st Century Challenges in the Food-Energy-Water Security in the Middle East”, Water, 11:4, 682-702.
  • HANÇERLİOĞLU Orhan (2000). Felsefe Ansiklopedisi (Kavramlar ve Akımlar-6), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • LOFGREN Hans and RICHARDS Alan (2003). “Food security, poverty, and economic policy in the Middle East and North Africa”, Food, Agriculture, and Economic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, 1-31.
  • MADEN Tuğba Evrim (2014). “Arap Baharı ve Gıda Güvenliği”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 6:62, 60-63.
  • MANDOUR Dina Atef (2021). COVID-19 and Food Security Challenges in the Mena Region, Working Paper No. 1506, The Economic Research Forum.
  • ÖZEL Levent (2003). Ortadoğu Ülkelerinin Gıda Güvenliği ve Gıda Politikaları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • POSTEL Sandra (2000). Son Vaha: Su Sıkıntısıyla Karşı Karşıya (Çev. F. Şebnem Sözer), TÜBİTAK-TEMA Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • TÜRKİYE ÇEVRE VAKFI (1989). Ortak Geleceğimiz (Çev. Belkıs Çorakçı), Ankara.
  • UNCTAD (2022). Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people: Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Trade and Development Board Seventy-second executive session Geneva, 17–21 October 2022 Item 7 of the provisional agenda Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people.
  • WFP (2021). Lebanon: Annual Country Report 2021, Country Strategic Plan 2018 – 2022.
  • WOLF Aaron T. YOFFE Shira B. and GIORDANO Mark (2003). “International Waters: Identifying Basins at Risk”, Water Policy, 5:1, 29-60.
  • WRIGHT Brian Davern and CAFIERO Carlo (2011). “Grain Reserves and Food Security in the Middle East and North Africa”. Food Security, 3:Suppl 1, 61-76.
  • YALÇINKAYA Haldun (2008). Savaş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç Kullanımı, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • “Additional Resources”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/resources, accessed 19.03.2023. “Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2022 (06 Şubat 2023)”, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2022-49685 accessed 09.03.2023.
  • ARRAF Jane, “Will Syrian refugees transform or threaten Jordan’s economy? (Oct 12, 2013)”, https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2013/1012/Will-Syrian-refugees-transform-or-threaten-Jordan-s-economy, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • ASHRAF Irfan, “Food insecurity threatens the Middle East (Oct 14, 2022)”, https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/food-insecurity-threatens-the-middle-east, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “Average Palestinian consumes 87 litres of water per day (Mar 21, 2020)”, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200321-average-palestinian-consumes-87-litres-of-water-per-day/, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • BAR-ELI Avi, “Jordan, Palestinians Seek to Buy Israel’s Excess Desalinated Water (Jan 9, 2014)”, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-01-09/ty-article/.premium/jordan-wants-more-water-from-israel/0000017f-dc5f-d856-a37f-fddf13420000, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • BELGRAVE James, “Half of Afghanistan’s population face acute hunger as humanitarian needs grow to record levels”, https://www.wfp.org/news/half-afghanistans-population-face-acute-hunger-humanitarian-needs-grow-record-levels, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements”, https://data.humdata.org/dataset/black-sea-grain-initiative-vessel-movements, accessed 31.03.2023.
  • “Countries requiring external assistance for food (March 2023)”, https://www.fao.org/giews/country-analysis/external-assistance/en/, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Tahıl koridoru anlaşmasının süresinin uzatılmasını sağladık (18 Mart 2023)”, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-tahil-koridoru-anlasmasinin-suresinin-uzatilmasini-sagladik-754102.html, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • ÇAKAN Handan, “Tarımın Kazandığı Ülke: İsrail”, https://apelasyon.com/yazi/43/tarimin-kazandigi-ulke-israil#:~:text=Biliyor%20muydunuz%3F,ihracat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20y%C3%BCzde%2066's%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftiriyor., accessed 11.03.2023.
  • “Decline in Ukraine Wheat Imports Drives Egypt to Diversify its Suppliers (Jun 22, 2022)”, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?Cairo_Egypt_EG2022-0015.pdf, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • “Displacement, humanitarian needs surging inside Afghanistan and across region”, https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111532, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • DURGUN Özgür Duygu, “Covid-19, tedarik zincirinde arz-talep dengesini bozdu (30 Nisan 2020)”, https://haberler.boun.edu.tr/tr/haber/covid-19-tedarik-zincirinde-arz-talep-dengesini-bozdu, accessed 15.03.2023.
  • EBEL Franceska ve ILYUSHINA Mary, “Russians abandon wartime Russia in historic exodus (Feb 13, 2023)”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/13/russia-diaspora-war-ukraine/, accessed 18.03.2023.
  • “Erdoğan’ın Rusya Ziyaretinden Beklentiler Neler? (04 Eylül 2023)”. https://www.mepanews.com/erdoganin-rusya-ziyaretinden-beklentiler-neler-62332h.htm, accessed 04.09.2023.
  • “European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (Feb 09, 2023)”, https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/where/middle-east/syria_en, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • FARRER Martin (2022). “Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN (May 19, 2022)”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis-that-could-last-years-says-un, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “Food Price Watch (April 2011)”, http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/foodpricewatch/april_2011.html, accessed 26.09.2016.
  • “Food Security Update (Latest Update July 27, 2023)”. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/40ebbf38f5a6b68bfc11e5273e1405d4-0090012022/related/Food-Security-Update-XC-July-27-2023.pdf, accessed 04.09.2023.
  • “Global Issues: Population”, https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • HENNESSEY Zachy, “A food security pilot program has been added to Israel’s national budget (Jun 20, 2022)”, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709895, accessed 20.03.2023.
  • “Hunger and food insecurity”, https://www.fao.org/hunger/en/, accessed 11.04.2024.
  • “Hunger in America”, https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Hunger in America Statistics (Updated March 2023)”, https://thebarbecuelab.com/hunger-in-america/, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Hunger & Poverty in America”, https://frac.org/hunger-poverty-america, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Information Note: The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict, 25 March 2022 Update, Executive Summary”, https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “İstanbul’daki Müşterek Koordinasyon Merkezi açıldı (27 Temmuz 2022)”, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/istanbuldaki-musterek-koordinasyon-merkezi-acildi-697553.html, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • KAIS Rois, “Jordan, Israel in advanced talks on water deal (Aug 22, 2013)”, https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4420873,00.html, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • KIMHI Ayal, “Food security in Israel Challenges and policies”, Shoresh Research Paper https://shoresh.institute/archive.php?src=pr221118&f=research-paper-eng-Kimhi-FoodSecurity.pdf, accessed 20.03.2023.
  • MALIK Nikita, “The Cost of Syrian Refugees (Sep 19, 2013)”, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/53049, accessed 10.03.2023. “Note to Correspondents - on the extension of the Black Sea Grain Initiative (Mar, 18, 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/procedures, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • PITARAÚL Antonio and SÁNCHEZ COSTA Raul, “Ukrainian exodus could be Europe’s biggest refugee crisis since World War II (Mar 03, 2022)”, https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-03-03/ukrainian-exodus-could-be-europes-biggest-refugee-crisis-since-world-war-ii.html, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “Procedures (Feb 22, 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/procedures, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • PURI-MIRZA Amna, “Agriculture in the Middle East - statistics & facts (Feb 13, 2023)”, https://www.statista.com/topics/10525/agriculture-in-the-middle-east/#topicOverview, accessed 11.03.2023.
  • SHAHBANDEH Masha, “Value of U.S. Agricultural Exports to the Middle East from 2000 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) (Mar 6, 2023)”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/220780/value-of-us-agricultural-exports-to-the-middle-east-since-2000/, accessed 11.03.2023.
  • SULKIN Maya, “Understanding Hunger in Egypt”, https://borgenproject.org/hunger-in-egypt/, accessed 13.03.2023. “Suriye’de buğday kıtlığı tehlikesi (23 Ağustos 2022)”, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/suriyede-bugday-kitligi-tehlikesi-703194.html, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • SWEET Rod, “Our sun for your water: Israel, Jordan renew ambitious solar-for-desalination plan (Nov 10, 2022)”, https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/our-sun-for-your-water-israel-jordan-renew-ambitious-solar-for-desalination-plan/, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • TANCHUM Michaël, “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı, Mısır’daki Gıda Krizini Ekonomi İçin Varoluşsal Bir Tehdide Dönüştürdü (03 Mart 2022)”, https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2022-03/The%20Russia-Ukraine, accessed 18.03.2023.
  • “The Black Sea Grain Initiative: What was achieved? Why was it important? (Feb 22, 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/procedures, accessed 31.03.2024.
  • “The coming food catastrophe (May 19, 2022)”, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/05/19/the-coming-food-catastrophe, accessed 18.03.2023.
  • “The Middle East Population 2023”, https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/the-middle-east-population, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • “The World’s Hungriest Countries”, https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/the-hunger-crisis/world-hunger-facts/the-worlds-hungriest-countries/, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy (Apr 08, 2020)”, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm, accessed 17.03.2023.
  • “Türkiye’nin tarihi başarısı: Tahıl koridoru açıldı (Aug 16, 2022)”, http://www.turktarim.gov.tr/Haber/822/turkiyenin-tarihi-basarisi--tahil-koridoru-acildi accessed 19.03.2023.
  • “Twelve million Syrians now in the grip of hunger, worn down by conflict and soaring food prices (Feb, 17 2021)”, https://www.wfp.org/news/twelve-million-syrians-now-grip-hunger-worn-down-conflict-and-soaring-food-prices, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “Ukraine Refugee Situation (Mar 14, 2023)”, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “Ukrayna Rusya’nın hava saldırılarında tahıl depolarının zarar gördüğünü bildirdi (August 16, 2023)”, https://tr.euronews.com/2023/08/16/ukrayna-rusyanin-hava-saldirilarinda-tahil-depolarinin-zarar-gordugunu-bildirdi, accessed 04.09.2023.
  • “Update from the Office of the UN Coordinator for the Black Sea Grain Initiative (15 July 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/update-15-july-2023, accessed 11.04.2024.
  • “Vessel Movements”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/vessel-movements, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • “Water Conflict Chronology”, https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/, accessed 23.03.2023.
  • WESTHEAD David R., “Syria crisis: Demand is high for scarce water supplies at Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan”, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/08/13/syria_crisis_demand_is_high_for_scarce_water_supplies_at_zaatari_refugee_camp_in_jordan.html, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • “WFP Egypt, Country Brief, January 2023”, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000147101/download/?_ga=2.107059522.1931407839.1678646182-553981118.1678343825, accessed 13.03.2023.
  • WOERTZ Eckart, “Gulf food security needs delicate diplomacy (Mar 4, 2009)”, https://www.ft.com/content/d916f8e2-08d8-11de-b8b0-0000779fd2ac, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “11 Years of Conflict in Syria: Threat of Hunger Has Never Been Higher (Mar 15, 2022)”, https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/11-years-conflict-syria-threat-hunger-has-never-been-higher/, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “2021 Global Report on Food Crises: Joint Analysis for Better Decisions”, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000127343/download/?_ga=2.226642266.618387596.1620222706-174980704.1620222706, accessed 17.03.2023.

Food Insecurity in the Middle East, the Black Sea Grain Initiative, and Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 47, 63 - 82, 26.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1423303

Öz

Almost all Middle Eastern nations now struggle with malnutrition and allocate a significant portion of their oil earnings to food. In addition to already challenging and changing climate and water pressure, ongoing conflict and the war atmosphere, poverty, a lack of purchasing power, and pandemic diseases in the region all seem to play a role. However, the deepening of Russia’s conflicts with Ukraine in recent years has made matters worse for the hungry in this fragile region and placed even self-sufficient nations in a precarious position. This paper addresses the Black Sea Grain Corridor Initiative, which was implemented through diplomatic measures hosted by Türkiye and guaranteed the secure transportation of Ukrainian grain to international markets. The study begins with a thorough discussion of the origins and effects of food insecurity in Middle Eastern countries. The second part examines the impact of this initiative on regional politics. To address the current issue, an integrated approach built on comprehension of cause-and-effect interactions has been implemented. The findings were gathered using a data collection technique.

Kaynakça

  • AMERY Hussein (2012). “Food Security in the Middle East”, Andres Jägerskog, Michael Schulz and Ashok Swain (eds.), Routledge Handbook on Middle East Security, Routledge, London.
  • AREZKI Rabah MORENO-DODSON Blanca YUTING FAN Rachel GANSEY Romeo NGUYEN Ha NGUYEN Minh Cong MOTTAGHI Lili TSAKAS Constantin and WOOD Christina A. (2020). Trading Together: Reviving Middle East and North Africa Regional Integration in the Post-Covid Era, Middle East and North Africa Economic Update (October), Washington, DC, World Bank.
  • ARTAM Atila (1991). Sosyo-Ekonomik Açıdan Ortadoğu Bölgesinde Gıda Güvenliği, Doktora Tezi, T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • AY Hakkı M. and SÖYLEMEZ Adnan (2023). “Grain Corridor Agreement and Turkey’s Role in the Russia-Ukraine War”, Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 7:1, 1-10.
  • ÇOLAKOĞLU Elif (2017). “Güncel Gelişmeler Işığında Ortadoğu’da Su ve Gıda Güvencesi İlişkisi”, Türk İdare Dergisi, 484, 91-112.
  • DAĞ Ahmet Emin (2005). Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable, 2022.
  • FAO, The impact of COVID-19 in the Near East and North Africa Region and FAO’s Response Plan, FAO Regional Conference for The Near East, Thirty-fifth Session, 21-22 September 2020.
  • FAO/ WFP. Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to the Syrian Arab Republic, 14 November 2016, Rome, 2016.
  • HAMEED Maysoun MORADKHANI Hamid AHMADALIPOUR Ali MOFTAKHARI Hamed ABBASZADEH Peyman and ALIPOUR Atieh (2019). “A Review of the 21st Century Challenges in the Food-Energy-Water Security in the Middle East”, Water, 11:4, 682-702.
  • HANÇERLİOĞLU Orhan (2000). Felsefe Ansiklopedisi (Kavramlar ve Akımlar-6), Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • LOFGREN Hans and RICHARDS Alan (2003). “Food security, poverty, and economic policy in the Middle East and North Africa”, Food, Agriculture, and Economic Policy in the Middle East and North Africa, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, 1-31.
  • MADEN Tuğba Evrim (2014). “Arap Baharı ve Gıda Güvenliği”, Ortadoğu Analiz, 6:62, 60-63.
  • MANDOUR Dina Atef (2021). COVID-19 and Food Security Challenges in the Mena Region, Working Paper No. 1506, The Economic Research Forum.
  • ÖZEL Levent (2003). Ortadoğu Ülkelerinin Gıda Güvenliği ve Gıda Politikaları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • POSTEL Sandra (2000). Son Vaha: Su Sıkıntısıyla Karşı Karşıya (Çev. F. Şebnem Sözer), TÜBİTAK-TEMA Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • TÜRKİYE ÇEVRE VAKFI (1989). Ortak Geleceğimiz (Çev. Belkıs Çorakçı), Ankara.
  • UNCTAD (2022). Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people: Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Trade and Development Board Seventy-second executive session Geneva, 17–21 October 2022 Item 7 of the provisional agenda Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people.
  • WFP (2021). Lebanon: Annual Country Report 2021, Country Strategic Plan 2018 – 2022.
  • WOLF Aaron T. YOFFE Shira B. and GIORDANO Mark (2003). “International Waters: Identifying Basins at Risk”, Water Policy, 5:1, 29-60.
  • WRIGHT Brian Davern and CAFIERO Carlo (2011). “Grain Reserves and Food Security in the Middle East and North Africa”. Food Security, 3:Suppl 1, 61-76.
  • YALÇINKAYA Haldun (2008). Savaş: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç Kullanımı, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • “Additional Resources”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/resources, accessed 19.03.2023. “Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2022 (06 Şubat 2023)”, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2022-49685 accessed 09.03.2023.
  • ARRAF Jane, “Will Syrian refugees transform or threaten Jordan’s economy? (Oct 12, 2013)”, https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2013/1012/Will-Syrian-refugees-transform-or-threaten-Jordan-s-economy, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • ASHRAF Irfan, “Food insecurity threatens the Middle East (Oct 14, 2022)”, https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/food-insecurity-threatens-the-middle-east, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “Average Palestinian consumes 87 litres of water per day (Mar 21, 2020)”, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200321-average-palestinian-consumes-87-litres-of-water-per-day/, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • BAR-ELI Avi, “Jordan, Palestinians Seek to Buy Israel’s Excess Desalinated Water (Jan 9, 2014)”, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-01-09/ty-article/.premium/jordan-wants-more-water-from-israel/0000017f-dc5f-d856-a37f-fddf13420000, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • BELGRAVE James, “Half of Afghanistan’s population face acute hunger as humanitarian needs grow to record levels”, https://www.wfp.org/news/half-afghanistans-population-face-acute-hunger-humanitarian-needs-grow-record-levels, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Black Sea Grain Initiative Vessel Movements”, https://data.humdata.org/dataset/black-sea-grain-initiative-vessel-movements, accessed 31.03.2023.
  • “Countries requiring external assistance for food (March 2023)”, https://www.fao.org/giews/country-analysis/external-assistance/en/, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Tahıl koridoru anlaşmasının süresinin uzatılmasını sağladık (18 Mart 2023)”, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-tahil-koridoru-anlasmasinin-suresinin-uzatilmasini-sagladik-754102.html, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • ÇAKAN Handan, “Tarımın Kazandığı Ülke: İsrail”, https://apelasyon.com/yazi/43/tarimin-kazandigi-ulke-israil#:~:text=Biliyor%20muydunuz%3F,ihracat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20y%C3%BCzde%2066's%C4%B1n%C4%B1%20ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftiriyor., accessed 11.03.2023.
  • “Decline in Ukraine Wheat Imports Drives Egypt to Diversify its Suppliers (Jun 22, 2022)”, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?Cairo_Egypt_EG2022-0015.pdf, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • “Displacement, humanitarian needs surging inside Afghanistan and across region”, https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111532, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • DURGUN Özgür Duygu, “Covid-19, tedarik zincirinde arz-talep dengesini bozdu (30 Nisan 2020)”, https://haberler.boun.edu.tr/tr/haber/covid-19-tedarik-zincirinde-arz-talep-dengesini-bozdu, accessed 15.03.2023.
  • EBEL Franceska ve ILYUSHINA Mary, “Russians abandon wartime Russia in historic exodus (Feb 13, 2023)”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/13/russia-diaspora-war-ukraine/, accessed 18.03.2023.
  • “Erdoğan’ın Rusya Ziyaretinden Beklentiler Neler? (04 Eylül 2023)”. https://www.mepanews.com/erdoganin-rusya-ziyaretinden-beklentiler-neler-62332h.htm, accessed 04.09.2023.
  • “European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (Feb 09, 2023)”, https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/where/middle-east/syria_en, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • FARRER Martin (2022). “Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN (May 19, 2022)”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis-that-could-last-years-says-un, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “Food Price Watch (April 2011)”, http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/foodpricewatch/april_2011.html, accessed 26.09.2016.
  • “Food Security Update (Latest Update July 27, 2023)”. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/40ebbf38f5a6b68bfc11e5273e1405d4-0090012022/related/Food-Security-Update-XC-July-27-2023.pdf, accessed 04.09.2023.
  • “Global Issues: Population”, https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • HENNESSEY Zachy, “A food security pilot program has been added to Israel’s national budget (Jun 20, 2022)”, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709895, accessed 20.03.2023.
  • “Hunger and food insecurity”, https://www.fao.org/hunger/en/, accessed 11.04.2024.
  • “Hunger in America”, https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Hunger in America Statistics (Updated March 2023)”, https://thebarbecuelab.com/hunger-in-america/, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Hunger & Poverty in America”, https://frac.org/hunger-poverty-america, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Information Note: The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict, 25 March 2022 Update, Executive Summary”, https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “İstanbul’daki Müşterek Koordinasyon Merkezi açıldı (27 Temmuz 2022)”, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/istanbuldaki-musterek-koordinasyon-merkezi-acildi-697553.html, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • KAIS Rois, “Jordan, Israel in advanced talks on water deal (Aug 22, 2013)”, https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4420873,00.html, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • KIMHI Ayal, “Food security in Israel Challenges and policies”, Shoresh Research Paper https://shoresh.institute/archive.php?src=pr221118&f=research-paper-eng-Kimhi-FoodSecurity.pdf, accessed 20.03.2023.
  • MALIK Nikita, “The Cost of Syrian Refugees (Sep 19, 2013)”, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/53049, accessed 10.03.2023. “Note to Correspondents - on the extension of the Black Sea Grain Initiative (Mar, 18, 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/procedures, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • PITARAÚL Antonio and SÁNCHEZ COSTA Raul, “Ukrainian exodus could be Europe’s biggest refugee crisis since World War II (Mar 03, 2022)”, https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-03-03/ukrainian-exodus-could-be-europes-biggest-refugee-crisis-since-world-war-ii.html, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “Procedures (Feb 22, 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/procedures, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • PURI-MIRZA Amna, “Agriculture in the Middle East - statistics & facts (Feb 13, 2023)”, https://www.statista.com/topics/10525/agriculture-in-the-middle-east/#topicOverview, accessed 11.03.2023.
  • SHAHBANDEH Masha, “Value of U.S. Agricultural Exports to the Middle East from 2000 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) (Mar 6, 2023)”, https://www.statista.com/statistics/220780/value-of-us-agricultural-exports-to-the-middle-east-since-2000/, accessed 11.03.2023.
  • SULKIN Maya, “Understanding Hunger in Egypt”, https://borgenproject.org/hunger-in-egypt/, accessed 13.03.2023. “Suriye’de buğday kıtlığı tehlikesi (23 Ağustos 2022)”, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/suriyede-bugday-kitligi-tehlikesi-703194.html, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • SWEET Rod, “Our sun for your water: Israel, Jordan renew ambitious solar-for-desalination plan (Nov 10, 2022)”, https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/our-sun-for-your-water-israel-jordan-renew-ambitious-solar-for-desalination-plan/, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • TANCHUM Michaël, “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı, Mısır’daki Gıda Krizini Ekonomi İçin Varoluşsal Bir Tehdide Dönüştürdü (03 Mart 2022)”, https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2022-03/The%20Russia-Ukraine, accessed 18.03.2023.
  • “The Black Sea Grain Initiative: What was achieved? Why was it important? (Feb 22, 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/procedures, accessed 31.03.2024.
  • “The coming food catastrophe (May 19, 2022)”, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/05/19/the-coming-food-catastrophe, accessed 18.03.2023.
  • “The Middle East Population 2023”, https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/the-middle-east-population, accessed 09.03.2023.
  • “The World’s Hungriest Countries”, https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/the-hunger-crisis/world-hunger-facts/the-worlds-hungriest-countries/, accessed 08.03.2023.
  • “Trade set to plunge as COVID-19 pandemic upends global economy (Apr 08, 2020)”, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm, accessed 17.03.2023.
  • “Türkiye’nin tarihi başarısı: Tahıl koridoru açıldı (Aug 16, 2022)”, http://www.turktarim.gov.tr/Haber/822/turkiyenin-tarihi-basarisi--tahil-koridoru-acildi accessed 19.03.2023.
  • “Twelve million Syrians now in the grip of hunger, worn down by conflict and soaring food prices (Feb, 17 2021)”, https://www.wfp.org/news/twelve-million-syrians-now-grip-hunger-worn-down-conflict-and-soaring-food-prices, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “Ukraine Refugee Situation (Mar 14, 2023)”, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine, accessed 18.03.2022.
  • “Ukrayna Rusya’nın hava saldırılarında tahıl depolarının zarar gördüğünü bildirdi (August 16, 2023)”, https://tr.euronews.com/2023/08/16/ukrayna-rusyanin-hava-saldirilarinda-tahil-depolarinin-zarar-gordugunu-bildirdi, accessed 04.09.2023.
  • “Update from the Office of the UN Coordinator for the Black Sea Grain Initiative (15 July 2023)”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/update-15-july-2023, accessed 11.04.2024.
  • “Vessel Movements”, https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/vessel-movements, accessed 19.03.2023.
  • “Water Conflict Chronology”, https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/, accessed 23.03.2023.
  • WESTHEAD David R., “Syria crisis: Demand is high for scarce water supplies at Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan”, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/08/13/syria_crisis_demand_is_high_for_scarce_water_supplies_at_zaatari_refugee_camp_in_jordan.html, accessed 10.03.2023.
  • “WFP Egypt, Country Brief, January 2023”, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000147101/download/?_ga=2.107059522.1931407839.1678646182-553981118.1678343825, accessed 13.03.2023.
  • WOERTZ Eckart, “Gulf food security needs delicate diplomacy (Mar 4, 2009)”, https://www.ft.com/content/d916f8e2-08d8-11de-b8b0-0000779fd2ac, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “11 Years of Conflict in Syria: Threat of Hunger Has Never Been Higher (Mar 15, 2022)”, https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/story/11-years-conflict-syria-threat-hunger-has-never-been-higher/, accessed 12.03.2023.
  • “2021 Global Report on Food Crises: Joint Analysis for Better Decisions”, https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000127343/download/?_ga=2.226642266.618387596.1620222706-174980704.1620222706, accessed 17.03.2023.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer), Ortadoğu Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Çolakoğlu 0000-0001-9703-3412

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çolakoğlu, Elif. “Food Insecurity in the Middle East, the Black Sea Grain Initiative, and Türkiye”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 20, sy. 47 (Nisan 2024): 63-82. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1423303.