SAĞLIK HARCAMALARI, YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ VE YAŞAM BEKLENTİSİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERİN ANALİZİ: ASYA ÜLKELERİNDEN ÖRNEKLER
Öz
Bu çalışma, Asya ülkelerinde sağlık harcamaları, yenilenebilir enerji ve ortalama yaşam süresi arasındaki ilişkiyi 2000-2020 dönemini kapsayan bir model çerçevesinde araştırmaktadır. GSYH verileri de modele dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmada yatay kesit bağımlılık testi ve yatay kesit Augmented Dickey-Fuller birim kök testleri uygulandıktan sonra, sağlık harcamaları ile diğer değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli karşılıklı bir ilişki olup olmadığını göstermek için panel eşbütünleşme testi ve ardından Asya ülkelerinde ilgili değişkenler arasındaki nedenselliği test etmek için Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel nedensellik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ampirik bulgulara göre, Asya ülkelerinin çoğunda sağlık harcamaları ile yenilenebilir enerji arasında nedensellik ilişkisi bulunurken, yaşam beklentisi ile sağlık harcamaları arasında da yüksek düzeyde nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sağlık harcamaları ve diğer değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme testi, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Asya ekonomilerindeki politika yapıcıların, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi için fırsatlar sağlayan politika çerçeveleri geliştirmeleri ve temiz teknolojilerin kullanımını teşvik etmek için yenilenebilir enerji projelerine yatırımı desteklemeleri gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Böylece, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki artış sadece yaşam kalitesini iyileştirmekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda verimliliği de artırarak ekonomik refaha yol açabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Asya Ülkeleri Ekonomik Büyüme Sağlık Harcamaları Yaşam Beklentisi Yenilenebilir Enerji
Kaynakça
- Aldakhil, A. M., Nassani, A. A., Awan, U., Abro, M. M. Q., & Zaman, K. (2018). Determinants of green logistics in BRICS countries: An integrated supply chain model for green business. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 861-868.
- Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B., & Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for sub-Saharan Africa countries. Renewable energy, 127, 1011-1016.
- Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28 (1), 1-19.
- Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
- Bull, S. R. (2001). Renewable energy today and tomorrow. Proceedings of the IEEE, 89 (8), 1216-1226.
- Buonocore, J. J., Luckow, P., Norris, G., Spengler, J. D., Biewald, B., Fisher, J., & Levy, J. I. (2016). Health and climate benefits of different energy-efficiency and renewable energy choices. Nature Climate Change, 6 (1), 100-105.
- Carey, I. M., Atkinson, R. W., Kent, A. J., Van Staa, T., Cook, D. G., & Anderson, H. R. (2013). Mortality associations with long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in a national English cohort. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 187 (11), 1226-1233.
- Çetin, M. A. (2018). The Long Run Relationship between Health Expenditure and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRICS-T Countries: Panel ARDL Evidence. ICPESS 2018 Proceedings Volume 2: Economic Studies, 359-370.
- Cosmi, C., Macchiato, M., Mangiamele, L., Marmo, G., Pietrapertosa, F., & Salvia, M. (2003). Environmental and economic effects of renewable energy sources use on a local case study. Energy Policy, 31 (5), 443-457.
- Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1979) Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 427-431.
- Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic modelling, 29 (4), 1450-1460.
- Farhad, S., Saffar‐Avval, M., & Younessi‐Sinaki, M. (2008). Efficient design of feedwater heaters network in steam power plants using pinch technology and exergy analysis. International journal of energy research, 32 (1), 1-11.
- Fotourehchi, Z., & Çalışkan, Z. (2018). Is it possible to describe a Kuznets curve for health outcomes? An empirical investigation. Panoeconomicus, 65 (2), 227-238.
- Gill, E. A., Curl, C. L., Adar, S. D., Allen, R. W., Auchincloss, A. H., O’Neill, M. S., ... & Kaufman, J. D. (2011). Air pollution and cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 53 (5), 353-360.
- Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
- Jiang, X. Q., Mei, X. D., & Feng, D. (2016). Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: what should people know and do? Journal of thoracic disease, 8 (1), E31.
- Kaplan, G. G., Tanyingoh, D., Dixon, E., Johnson, M., Wheeler, A. J., Myers, R. P., ... & Villeneuve, P. J. (2013). Ambient ozone concentrations and the risk of perforated and nonperforated appendicitis: a multicity case-crossover study. Environmental health perspectives, 121 (8), 939-943.
- Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M.T., Dehdar, F., Zangoei, S. and Nazeer, N. (2023), “The role of renewable energy on life expectancy: evidence from method of moments quantile regression based on G-7 countries data”, International Journal of Energy Sector Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-11-2022-0001
- Khan, S.A.R. The Role of Renewable Energy, Public Health Expenditure, Logistics and Environmental Performance in Economic Growth: An Evidence from Structural Equation Modelling. Preprints 2019, 2019010102. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201901.0102.v1
- Lelieveld, J., Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Burnett, R. T., Haines, A., & Ramanathan, V. (2019). Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (15), 7192-7197.
- Lopez, L., & Weber, S. (2017). Testing for Granger causality in panel data. The Stata Journal, 17 (4), 972-984.
- Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61 (SI), 631-652.
- Nawab, T., Muneza, C., & Afghan, M. (2021). Impact of renewable energy consumption and health expenditure on air pollutants: Implications for sustainable development in ASEAN countries. iRASD Journal of Energy & Environment, 2 (2), 78-89.
- Omri, A., Kahouli, B., & Kahia, M. (2023). Impacts of health expenditures and environmental degradation on health status—Disability-adjusted life years and infant mortality. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1118501.
- Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3 (1), 1167990.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers. Economics, 1240 (1), 1.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265–312.
- Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93.
- Peters, A., Dockery, D. W., Muller, J. E., & Mittleman, M. A. (2001). Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation, 103 (23), 2810-2815.
- Piran, M., Sharifi, A., & Safari, M. M. (2023). Exploring the Roles of Education, Renewable Energy, and Global Warming on Health Expenditures. Sustainability, 15 (19), 14352.
- Popp, D., Hascic, I., & Medhi, N. (2011). Technology and the diffusion of renewable energy. Energy Economics, 33 (4), 648-662.
- Raturi, A. K. (2019). REN21, 2019: Asia and the Pacific Renewable Energy Status Report.
- Sabir, S., & Gorus, M. S. (2019). The impact of globalization on ecological footprint: empirical evidence from the South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33387-33398.
- Sasmaz, M. U., Karamıklı, A., & Akkucuk, U. (2021). The relationship between renewable energy use and health expenditures in EU countries. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(7), 1129-1139.
- Shahzad, K., Jianqiu, Z., Hashim, M., Nazam, M., & Wang, L. (2020). Impact of using information and communication technology and renewable energy on health expenditure: a case study from Pakistan. Energy, 204, 117956.
- Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). The impacts of air pollution on health and economy in Southeast Asia. Energies, 13 (7), 1812.
- Treyer, K., Bauer, C., & Simons, A. (2014). Human health impacts in the life cycle of future European electricity generation. Energy Policy, 74, S31-S44.
- Triki, R., Kahouli, B., Tissaoui, K., & Tlili, H. (2023). Assessing the link between environmental quality, green finance, health expenditure, renewable energy, and technology innovation. Sustainability, 15 (5), 4286.
- Ullah, I., Rehman, A., Khan, F. U., Shah, M. H., & Khan, F. (2020). Nexus between trade, CO2 emissions, renewable energy, and health expenditure in Pakistan. The International journal of health planning and management, 35 (4), 818-831.
- Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97 (3), 185–190. Xie, Y., Xu, M., Pu, J., Pan, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., & Xu, S. (2023). Large-scale renewable energy brings regionally disproportional air quality and health co-benefits in China. Iscience, 26 (8).
- Yang, X., Li, N., Mu, H., Ahmad, M., & Meng, X. (2022). Population aging, renewable energy budgets and environmental sustainability: does health expenditures matter? Gondwana Research, 106, 303-314.
ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH EXPENDITURE, RENEWABLE ENERGY AND LIFE EXPECTANCY: EVIDENCE FROM ASIAN COUNTRIES
Öz
This study investigates the relationship between health expenditures, renewable energy and life expectancy in Asian countries within a model covering the period 2000-2020. GDP data are also included in the model. In the study, after applying cross-sectional dependence test and Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests, panel cointegration test is employed to show whether there is a long-run mutual relationship between health expenditures and other variables, and then Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality analysis method is used to test the causality between the relevant variables in Asian countries. According to the empirical findings, while causality is found between health expenditures and renewable energy in most of the Asian countries, there is also a high level of causality between life expectancy and health expenditures. Moreover, the cointegration test between health expenditures and other variables confirms that there is a long-run relationship between the variables. It is concluded that policy makers in Asian economies should develop policy frameworks that provide opportunities for renewable energy consumption and support investment in renewable energy projects to promote the use of clean technologies. Thus, an increase in renewable energy consumption can lead to economic prosperity by not only improving quality of life but also increasing productivity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Asian Countries Economic Growth Health Expenditure Life Expectancy Renewable Energy
Kaynakça
- Aldakhil, A. M., Nassani, A. A., Awan, U., Abro, M. M. Q., & Zaman, K. (2018). Determinants of green logistics in BRICS countries: An integrated supply chain model for green business. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 861-868.
- Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B., & Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for sub-Saharan Africa countries. Renewable energy, 127, 1011-1016.
- Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28 (1), 1-19.
- Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
- Bull, S. R. (2001). Renewable energy today and tomorrow. Proceedings of the IEEE, 89 (8), 1216-1226.
- Buonocore, J. J., Luckow, P., Norris, G., Spengler, J. D., Biewald, B., Fisher, J., & Levy, J. I. (2016). Health and climate benefits of different energy-efficiency and renewable energy choices. Nature Climate Change, 6 (1), 100-105.
- Carey, I. M., Atkinson, R. W., Kent, A. J., Van Staa, T., Cook, D. G., & Anderson, H. R. (2013). Mortality associations with long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in a national English cohort. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 187 (11), 1226-1233.
- Çetin, M. A. (2018). The Long Run Relationship between Health Expenditure and Renewable Energy Consumption in BRICS-T Countries: Panel ARDL Evidence. ICPESS 2018 Proceedings Volume 2: Economic Studies, 359-370.
- Cosmi, C., Macchiato, M., Mangiamele, L., Marmo, G., Pietrapertosa, F., & Salvia, M. (2003). Environmental and economic effects of renewable energy sources use on a local case study. Energy Policy, 31 (5), 443-457.
- Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1979) Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 427-431.
- Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic modelling, 29 (4), 1450-1460.
- Farhad, S., Saffar‐Avval, M., & Younessi‐Sinaki, M. (2008). Efficient design of feedwater heaters network in steam power plants using pinch technology and exergy analysis. International journal of energy research, 32 (1), 1-11.
- Fotourehchi, Z., & Çalışkan, Z. (2018). Is it possible to describe a Kuznets curve for health outcomes? An empirical investigation. Panoeconomicus, 65 (2), 227-238.
- Gill, E. A., Curl, C. L., Adar, S. D., Allen, R. W., Auchincloss, A. H., O’Neill, M. S., ... & Kaufman, J. D. (2011). Air pollution and cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 53 (5), 353-360.
- Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
- Jiang, X. Q., Mei, X. D., & Feng, D. (2016). Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: what should people know and do? Journal of thoracic disease, 8 (1), E31.
- Kaplan, G. G., Tanyingoh, D., Dixon, E., Johnson, M., Wheeler, A. J., Myers, R. P., ... & Villeneuve, P. J. (2013). Ambient ozone concentrations and the risk of perforated and nonperforated appendicitis: a multicity case-crossover study. Environmental health perspectives, 121 (8), 939-943.
- Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M.T., Dehdar, F., Zangoei, S. and Nazeer, N. (2023), “The role of renewable energy on life expectancy: evidence from method of moments quantile regression based on G-7 countries data”, International Journal of Energy Sector Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-11-2022-0001
- Khan, S.A.R. The Role of Renewable Energy, Public Health Expenditure, Logistics and Environmental Performance in Economic Growth: An Evidence from Structural Equation Modelling. Preprints 2019, 2019010102. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201901.0102.v1
- Lelieveld, J., Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Burnett, R. T., Haines, A., & Ramanathan, V. (2019). Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (15), 7192-7197.
- Lopez, L., & Weber, S. (2017). Testing for Granger causality in panel data. The Stata Journal, 17 (4), 972-984.
- Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61 (SI), 631-652.
- Nawab, T., Muneza, C., & Afghan, M. (2021). Impact of renewable energy consumption and health expenditure on air pollutants: Implications for sustainable development in ASEAN countries. iRASD Journal of Energy & Environment, 2 (2), 78-89.
- Omri, A., Kahouli, B., & Kahia, M. (2023). Impacts of health expenditures and environmental degradation on health status—Disability-adjusted life years and infant mortality. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1118501.
- Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3 (1), 1167990.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers. Economics, 1240 (1), 1.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2), 265–312.
- Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142 (1), 50-93.
- Peters, A., Dockery, D. W., Muller, J. E., & Mittleman, M. A. (2001). Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation, 103 (23), 2810-2815.
- Piran, M., Sharifi, A., & Safari, M. M. (2023). Exploring the Roles of Education, Renewable Energy, and Global Warming on Health Expenditures. Sustainability, 15 (19), 14352.
- Popp, D., Hascic, I., & Medhi, N. (2011). Technology and the diffusion of renewable energy. Energy Economics, 33 (4), 648-662.
- Raturi, A. K. (2019). REN21, 2019: Asia and the Pacific Renewable Energy Status Report.
- Sabir, S., & Gorus, M. S. (2019). The impact of globalization on ecological footprint: empirical evidence from the South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 33387-33398.
- Sasmaz, M. U., Karamıklı, A., & Akkucuk, U. (2021). The relationship between renewable energy use and health expenditures in EU countries. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(7), 1129-1139.
- Shahzad, K., Jianqiu, Z., Hashim, M., Nazam, M., & Wang, L. (2020). Impact of using information and communication technology and renewable energy on health expenditure: a case study from Pakistan. Energy, 204, 117956.
- Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). The impacts of air pollution on health and economy in Southeast Asia. Energies, 13 (7), 1812.
- Treyer, K., Bauer, C., & Simons, A. (2014). Human health impacts in the life cycle of future European electricity generation. Energy Policy, 74, S31-S44.
- Triki, R., Kahouli, B., Tissaoui, K., & Tlili, H. (2023). Assessing the link between environmental quality, green finance, health expenditure, renewable energy, and technology innovation. Sustainability, 15 (5), 4286.
- Ullah, I., Rehman, A., Khan, F. U., Shah, M. H., & Khan, F. (2020). Nexus between trade, CO2 emissions, renewable energy, and health expenditure in Pakistan. The International journal of health planning and management, 35 (4), 818-831.
- Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97 (3), 185–190. Xie, Y., Xu, M., Pu, J., Pan, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., & Xu, S. (2023). Large-scale renewable energy brings regionally disproportional air quality and health co-benefits in China. Iscience, 26 (8).
- Yang, X., Li, N., Mu, H., Ahmad, M., & Meng, X. (2022). Population aging, renewable energy budgets and environmental sustainability: does health expenditures matter? Gondwana Research, 106, 303-314.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomik Demografi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Mart 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 24 Nisan 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 |
