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The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 61, 99 - 116, 01.04.2016

Öz

Problem Statement: Aggression seems to be an extensive and serious problem among adolescents and emerging adults, negatively affecting both the victims and the offenders. In adolescence and emerging adulthood, a lot of factors affect aggression. In this study, five factors were examined: gender, life periods, identity formation, low self-control and self-esteem.   

Purpose of the Study: The aim of the study is to examine the relations between identity dimensions, low self-control, self-esteem, gender and life period (adolescence and emerging adulthood) with aggression.

Method: For this purpose, a structural equation model was developed and tested. In this model, the dependent variable was aggression and the independent variables were demographic variables (gender and life period), identity dimensions, self-esteem and low self-control. Participants consisted of 240 adolescents (high school students—132 female and 108 male) and 244 emerging adults (university students—128 female and 116 male) and their age was between 15-24 years old (mean age=18.99, SD=2.62). The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and The Low Self-Control Scale were used to collect data.

Findings: Results of the overall fit indexes of the structural equation model revealed that fit indexes are at acceptable levels. Results of this study showed that life period, exploration in depth, ruminative exploration, self-esteem and low self-control significantly predicted aggression. According to model analysis, the best predictor of aggression was low self-control; the weakest predictor of aggression was life period.

Conclusion and Recommendations: The present study provides important results. The first result is that aggression level changes according to life period. The second is that low self-control, self-esteem and some identity dimensions are crucial factors for aggression in adolescence and emerging adulthood. The results of the study provide several important explanations for counselors and educators. In order to reduce aggression, counselors, educators and mental health practitioners should consider identity, self-esteem and self-control. When counselors and educators prepare school-based intervention programs, they should consider the important predictors of aggression.

Kaynakça

  • Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291-322.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist,55, 469-480.
  • Arnett, J. J., Ramos, K. D., & Jensen, L. A. (2001). Ideological views in emerging adulthood: Balancing autonomy and community. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 26-34.
  • Atak, H. & Cok, F. (2007). Emerging adulthood and perceived adulthood in Turkey, 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ, USA, 15-16.
  • Atak, H. & Cok, F. (2008). The Turkish version of inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood (The IDEA). International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,3,148-154.
  • Barker, E. D., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Lacourse, E. (2006). Development of male proactive and reactive physical aggression during adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 783-790.
  • Bayraktar, F., Sayil, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli genclerde benlik saygisi: ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum degiskenlerinin rolü [Self-esteem among high-school adolescents and college students: The role of parental and peer attachment, empathy and psychological adjustment variables]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24, 48-63.
  • Britt, C. L., & Gottfredson, M. R. (Eds.). (2003). Control theories of crime and delinquency, C.L. Britt, M.R. Gottfredson (Ed.), Advances in criminological theory, vol. 12. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  • Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. P. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452–459.
  • Buyukozturk, S., Kılıc Cakmak, E., Akgun, O. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştirma yöntemleri [Scientific research method]. Ankara: Pegem A Yayincilik
  • Campbell, S. B., Spieker, S., Vandergrift, N., Belskey, J., Burchinal, M., & The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2010). Predictors and sequelae of trajectories of physical aggression in school-age boys and girls. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 133-150.
  • Cote, J. E., & Levine, C. (1988). A critical examination of the ego identity status paradigm. Developmental Review, 8, 147–184.
  • Cote, S., Vaillancourt, T., Barker, E. D., Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). The joint development of physical and indirect aggression: Predictors of continuity and change during childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 37-55.
  • Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S. J., Fermani, A., & Meuss, W. (2010). The Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS): Italian validation and cross-national comparisons. European Journal of Psychological Assessment.26,172-186.
  • Cuhadaroglu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı [Self-esteem in the adolescent]. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328 –335.
  • Duncan, R. (1999). Peer and sibling aggression. An investigation of intra and behaviors: Pieces of a puzzle. Preventing School Failure, 42, 135-142.
  • Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Male and female offending trajectories. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 159–177.
  • Fives, C. F., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & DiGuesppe, R. (2011). Anger, aggression, and irrational beliefs in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 35, 199-208.
  • Gibbs, J. J., Giever, D., & Higgins, G. E. (2003). A test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory using structural equation modeling. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 441–458.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford.
  • Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,30, 5–29.
  • Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory. Criminology, 39, 707–736.
  • Kassinove, H., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (1995). Anger disorders: Basic science and practice issues. In H. Kassinove (Ed.), Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 1–26). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E.,White, J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Delay of gratification, psychopathology, and personality: Is low self-control specific to externalizing problems? Journal of Personality, 64, 107–129.
  • Leenaars, L., & Rinaldi, C.M. (2010). Male and female university student’s experiences of indirect aggression. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25,131-148.
  • Lowenstein, L. (1989). Homicide:A review of recent research (1975-1985). Criminologist,13, 74-89.
  • Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2006). A developmental contextual perspective on identity construction in emerging adulthood: Change dynamics in commitment formation and commitment evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 42, 366–380.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008a). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., & Pollock, S. (2008b). Employment, sense of coherence, and identity formation: Contextual and psychological processes on the pathway to sense of adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 566–591.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2008c). The relationship between identity development and adjustment in the transition to adulthood: Variable-centered and person-centered approaches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 595–619.
  • Madran, H. A. (2013). Buss-Perry Saldirganlik Olcegi’nin Türkce formunun gecerlilik ve guvenirlilik calışması [Reliability and validity of the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire-Turkish version]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24, 124-129.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 551–558.
  • Moroschan, G., Hurd P.L., & Nicoladis, E. (2009). Sex differences in the use of indirect aggression in adult Canadians. Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 146-159.
  • Morsunbul, U. (2013). Ergenlikte kimlik statüleri ve risk alma arasindaki iliski [The relationship between identity statuses and risk taking in adolescence]. İlkögretim Online, 12, 347-355.
  • Morsunbul, U. (2013). Beliren yetiskinler mi, beliren üniversiteli yetiskinler mi? Risk alma ve kimlik bicimlenmesi uzerinden bir inceleme [Are they emerging adults or emerging adults who are university students? An investigation through risk taking and identity development]. İlkögretim Online, 12, 873-885.
  • Morsunbul, U. & Cok, F. (2014). The adaptation of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale into Turkish. Düsünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27, 6-14.
  • Owens, L, Daly, A., & Slee, P. (2005). Sex and age differences in victimization and conflict resolution among adolescents in a South Australian school. Aggressive Behavior, 3,1–12.
  • Osterman, K. Bjorkqvist, K. Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Kaukiainen, A. Huesmann, L. R., & Fraczek, A. (1994). Peer and self-estimated aggression and victimization in 8-year old children from five ethnic groups. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 411-428.
  • Ozdemir, Y., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Cok, F. (2013). Parenting processes and aggression: The role of self-control among Turkish adolescents, Journal of Adolescence, 36, 65-77.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., & Schoenbach, C. (1989). Self-esteem and adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review, 54, 1004–1018.
  • Sahin, N., Basım, H. N., & Cetin, F. (2009). Kisilerarası catısma cozme yaklasimlarinda kendilik algısı ve kontrol odagi [Locus of Control and Self-Concept in Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Approaches]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20, 153-163.
  • Saylor, M., & Denham, G. (1993). Women’s anger and self-esteem. In S. P.Thomas (Ed.), Women and anger (pp. 112-124). New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
  • Schwartz, S. J., Beyers, W., Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Zamboanga,…, &Waterman, A. S. (2011). Examining the light and dark sides of emerging adults’ identity: A study of identity status differences in positive and negative psychososcial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 40, 839-859.
  • Stein, D., Apter, A., Ratzoni, G., Har-Even, D., & Avidan, G. (1998). Association between multiple suicide attempts and negative affects in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 488–494.
  • Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, R.F., & Boone, A.L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–322.
  • Uludagli, N., & Sayil, M. (2009). Ergenlik dönemindeki genclerin risk alma davranisi ile ebeveynleri ve akranlarıyla olan iliskilerinin niteliginin incelenmesi [The risk taking behavior in middle and late adolescents: The role of parents and peers]. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12, 14–28.
  • Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., & Rosen, L. H. (2009). Continuity and change in social and physical aggression from middle childhood through early adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 357-375.
  • Vaillancourt, T., Miller, J. L., Fagbemi, J., Cote, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Trajectories and predictors of indirect aggression: Results from a nationally representative longitudinal study of canadian children aged 2–10. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 314-326.
  • van Hoof, A. (1999). The identity status approach: In need of fundamental revision and qualitative change. Developmental Review, 19, 622–647.
  • Vazsonyi, A. T., & Belliston, L. M. (2007). The family, low self-control, deviance: a cross-cultural and cross-national test of self-control theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 505–530.
  • White, H.R., & Jackson, K. (2005). Social and psychological influences on emerging adult drinking behavior. Health Research, 28, 182-190.
  • Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature. New York: Touchstone Book.
  • Xue, Y., Zimmerman, M. A. & Cunnighham, R. (2009). Relationship between alcohol use and violent behavior among urban African American youths from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A longitudinal study. Research and Practice, 99, 20-42.
Yıl 2015, Sayı: 61, 99 - 116, 01.04.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291-322.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist,55, 469-480.
  • Arnett, J. J., Ramos, K. D., & Jensen, L. A. (2001). Ideological views in emerging adulthood: Balancing autonomy and community. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 26-34.
  • Atak, H. & Cok, F. (2007). Emerging adulthood and perceived adulthood in Turkey, 3rd Conference on Emerging Adulthood, Tucson, AZ, USA, 15-16.
  • Atak, H. & Cok, F. (2008). The Turkish version of inventory of the dimensions of emerging adulthood (The IDEA). International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,3,148-154.
  • Barker, E. D., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Lacourse, E. (2006). Development of male proactive and reactive physical aggression during adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 783-790.
  • Bayraktar, F., Sayil, M., & Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli genclerde benlik saygisi: ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum degiskenlerinin rolü [Self-esteem among high-school adolescents and college students: The role of parental and peer attachment, empathy and psychological adjustment variables]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24, 48-63.
  • Britt, C. L., & Gottfredson, M. R. (Eds.). (2003). Control theories of crime and delinquency, C.L. Britt, M.R. Gottfredson (Ed.), Advances in criminological theory, vol. 12. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  • Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. P. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452–459.
  • Buyukozturk, S., Kılıc Cakmak, E., Akgun, O. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştirma yöntemleri [Scientific research method]. Ankara: Pegem A Yayincilik
  • Campbell, S. B., Spieker, S., Vandergrift, N., Belskey, J., Burchinal, M., & The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2010). Predictors and sequelae of trajectories of physical aggression in school-age boys and girls. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 133-150.
  • Cote, J. E., & Levine, C. (1988). A critical examination of the ego identity status paradigm. Developmental Review, 8, 147–184.
  • Cote, S., Vaillancourt, T., Barker, E. D., Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). The joint development of physical and indirect aggression: Predictors of continuity and change during childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 37-55.
  • Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S. J., Fermani, A., & Meuss, W. (2010). The Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS): Italian validation and cross-national comparisons. European Journal of Psychological Assessment.26,172-186.
  • Cuhadaroglu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda Benlik Saygısı [Self-esteem in the adolescent]. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328 –335.
  • Duncan, R. (1999). Peer and sibling aggression. An investigation of intra and behaviors: Pieces of a puzzle. Preventing School Failure, 42, 135-142.
  • Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Male and female offending trajectories. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 159–177.
  • Fives, C. F., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & DiGuesppe, R. (2011). Anger, aggression, and irrational beliefs in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 35, 199-208.
  • Gibbs, J. J., Giever, D., & Higgins, G. E. (2003). A test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory using structural equation modeling. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 441–458.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford.
  • Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,30, 5–29.
  • Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory. Criminology, 39, 707–736.
  • Kassinove, H., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (1995). Anger disorders: Basic science and practice issues. In H. Kassinove (Ed.), Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 1–26). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E.,White, J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Delay of gratification, psychopathology, and personality: Is low self-control specific to externalizing problems? Journal of Personality, 64, 107–129.
  • Leenaars, L., & Rinaldi, C.M. (2010). Male and female university student’s experiences of indirect aggression. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25,131-148.
  • Lowenstein, L. (1989). Homicide:A review of recent research (1975-1985). Criminologist,13, 74-89.
  • Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2006). A developmental contextual perspective on identity construction in emerging adulthood: Change dynamics in commitment formation and commitment evaluation. Developmental Psychology, 42, 366–380.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008a). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., & Pollock, S. (2008b). Employment, sense of coherence, and identity formation: Contextual and psychological processes on the pathway to sense of adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 566–591.
  • Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., & Soenens, B. (2008c). The relationship between identity development and adjustment in the transition to adulthood: Variable-centered and person-centered approaches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 595–619.
  • Madran, H. A. (2013). Buss-Perry Saldirganlik Olcegi’nin Türkce formunun gecerlilik ve guvenirlilik calışması [Reliability and validity of the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire-Turkish version]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24, 124-129.
  • Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 551–558.
  • Moroschan, G., Hurd P.L., & Nicoladis, E. (2009). Sex differences in the use of indirect aggression in adult Canadians. Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 146-159.
  • Morsunbul, U. (2013). Ergenlikte kimlik statüleri ve risk alma arasindaki iliski [The relationship between identity statuses and risk taking in adolescence]. İlkögretim Online, 12, 347-355.
  • Morsunbul, U. (2013). Beliren yetiskinler mi, beliren üniversiteli yetiskinler mi? Risk alma ve kimlik bicimlenmesi uzerinden bir inceleme [Are they emerging adults or emerging adults who are university students? An investigation through risk taking and identity development]. İlkögretim Online, 12, 873-885.
  • Morsunbul, U. & Cok, F. (2014). The adaptation of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale into Turkish. Düsünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27, 6-14.
  • Owens, L, Daly, A., & Slee, P. (2005). Sex and age differences in victimization and conflict resolution among adolescents in a South Australian school. Aggressive Behavior, 3,1–12.
  • Osterman, K. Bjorkqvist, K. Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Kaukiainen, A. Huesmann, L. R., & Fraczek, A. (1994). Peer and self-estimated aggression and victimization in 8-year old children from five ethnic groups. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 411-428.
  • Ozdemir, Y., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Cok, F. (2013). Parenting processes and aggression: The role of self-control among Turkish adolescents, Journal of Adolescence, 36, 65-77.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., & Schoenbach, C. (1989). Self-esteem and adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review, 54, 1004–1018.
  • Sahin, N., Basım, H. N., & Cetin, F. (2009). Kisilerarası catısma cozme yaklasimlarinda kendilik algısı ve kontrol odagi [Locus of Control and Self-Concept in Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Approaches]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20, 153-163.
  • Saylor, M., & Denham, G. (1993). Women’s anger and self-esteem. In S. P.Thomas (Ed.), Women and anger (pp. 112-124). New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
  • Schwartz, S. J., Beyers, W., Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Zamboanga,…, &Waterman, A. S. (2011). Examining the light and dark sides of emerging adults’ identity: A study of identity status differences in positive and negative psychososcial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 40, 839-859.
  • Stein, D., Apter, A., Ratzoni, G., Har-Even, D., & Avidan, G. (1998). Association between multiple suicide attempts and negative affects in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 488–494.
  • Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, R.F., & Boone, A.L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–322.
  • Uludagli, N., & Sayil, M. (2009). Ergenlik dönemindeki genclerin risk alma davranisi ile ebeveynleri ve akranlarıyla olan iliskilerinin niteliginin incelenmesi [The risk taking behavior in middle and late adolescents: The role of parents and peers]. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12, 14–28.
  • Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., & Rosen, L. H. (2009). Continuity and change in social and physical aggression from middle childhood through early adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 357-375.
  • Vaillancourt, T., Miller, J. L., Fagbemi, J., Cote, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Trajectories and predictors of indirect aggression: Results from a nationally representative longitudinal study of canadian children aged 2–10. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 314-326.
  • van Hoof, A. (1999). The identity status approach: In need of fundamental revision and qualitative change. Developmental Review, 19, 622–647.
  • Vazsonyi, A. T., & Belliston, L. M. (2007). The family, low self-control, deviance: a cross-cultural and cross-national test of self-control theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 505–530.
  • White, H.R., & Jackson, K. (2005). Social and psychological influences on emerging adult drinking behavior. Health Research, 28, 182-190.
  • Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature. New York: Touchstone Book.
  • Xue, Y., Zimmerman, M. A. & Cunnighham, R. (2009). Relationship between alcohol use and violent behavior among urban African American youths from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A longitudinal study. Research and Practice, 99, 20-42.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ümit Morsünbül

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Morsünbül, Ü. (2016). The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research(61), 99-116.
AMA Morsünbül Ü. The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. Nisan 2016;(61):99-116.
Chicago Morsünbül, Ümit. “The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, sy. 61 (Nisan 2016): 99-116.
EndNote Morsünbül Ü (01 Nisan 2016) The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 61 99–116.
IEEE Ü. Morsünbül, “The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, sy. 61, ss. 99–116, Nisan 2016.
ISNAD Morsünbül, Ümit. “The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 61 (Nisan 2016), 99-116.
JAMA Morsünbül Ü. The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2016;:99–116.
MLA Morsünbül, Ümit. “The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, sy. 61, 2016, ss. 99-116.
Vancouver Morsünbül Ü. The Effect of Identity Development, Self-Esteem, Low Self-Control and Gender on Aggression in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2016(61):99-116.