Öz
Günümüzde Avrupa Birliği kimlik yapısı ve dinamiğinin, iç çelişkileri nedeniyle bir krizde olduğu tahmininde bulunmak mümkün görünmektedir. Ayrıca AB kimliği, yeni ve istikrarsız bir oluşum örneğinde olduğu gibi uluslararası sorunlarla başa çıkamamaktadır. Avrupa kimliği kavramının belirsizliğiyle ve ulus-üstü kimlik inşa süreciyle ilgili büyük çaplı zorluklar yaşayan Avrupa; ekonomik kriz, dünya politikasındaki istikrarsızlık, Avrupa'daki terör saldırılarına ve milyonlarca insanın savaştan kaçmasına yol açan Doğu ülkelerindeki iç savaşlar gibi eksojen nitelikli (dış kaynaklı) sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Kısacası, bugün için Avrupa'da var olan istikrasızlığın temel sebebi, Avrupa'nın ve AB kimliğinin bunlara hazırlıklı olmaması gerçeğidir. Bu varsayımın doğru olup olmadığını, Avrupa kimliği krizinin sebeplerini ve bu süreçte sığınmacı, mülteci ve göç sorunuyla ilgili nasıl bir rol yapısının ortaya çıktığını anlamak için öncelikle Avrupa kimliği ve onun ortaya çıkma sürecini analiz etmek gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda da gerekli anlatım ve analiz yapılacak, AB ve Avrupa kimliği odağında ne tür sıkıntılar ortaya çıktığı ve bu kimlik yapısının ne tür unsurlardan etkileneceği argümanlarıyla sunulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BRUTER, Michael, Citizens of Europe?: The Emergence of a Mass European Identity, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- DELANTY, Gerard, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality, Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 1995.
- DUNKERLEY, David, Changing Europe: Identities, Nations and Citizens, Routledge Pub., London, 2002.
- HERZOG, Phillipe, Travelling Hopefully: Ethics, Action, Perspective for a Revival of Europe, Editions Le Manuscrit,2006.
- KOSTAKOPOULOU, Theodora, Citizenship, Identity and Immigration in the European Union: Between Past and Future, Manchester University Press, 2010.
- LIPPMAN, Walter, Public Opinion. 1922, http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/2429/2487430/pdfs/lippmann.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2020.
- LUKACS, John, Decline and Rise of Europe: A Study in Recent History with Particular Emphasis on the Development of a European Consciousness, Doubleday Pub., New York, 1965.
- PAGDEN, Anthony, The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to European Union: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2002.
- SHORE, Cris, Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration, Routledge, London, 2000.
- STRATH, Bo, Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other, Peter Long, Brussels, 2000.
- BOXHOORN, Bram, European Identity and the Process of European Unification: Compatible Nations? Michael Wintle (Edt.), Culture and Identity in Europe: Perception of Divergence and Unity in Past and Present, (ss. 133-146), Ashgate Publications, England, 1996.
- DERRIDA, Jacques, HABERMAS, Jurgen, After the War: The Rebirth of Europe, 2003, http://www.strana-oz.ru/2003/6/nashe-obnovlenie-posle-voyny-vtoroe-rozhdenie-evropy, Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020.
- ERIKSON, Erik, The Problem of Ego Identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 4 (1), February 1956, ss. 56-121.
- FRANK, R., European Identity, Consciousness and Construction: Harmony and Disharmony Between Politics, Economics and Imagination, H.S. Chopra, R. Frank, J. Schroder (Edt.), National Identity and Regional Cooperation: Experiences of European Integration and South Asians Perceptions, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi, 1999.
- FUKUYAMA, Francis, The Challenges for European Identity, The Global Journal, 2012, http://theglobaljournal.net/article/view/469/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020.
- JONES, Reece, Categories, Borders and Boundaries, Progress in Human Geography, 33 (2), 2009, ss. 174-189.
- NOUGAYREDE, Natalie, Refugees aren’t the problem. Europe’s identity crisis is. The Guardian, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/31/refugees-problem-europe-identity-crisis-migration, Erişim Tarihi: 28.06.2020.
- ORWELL, George, Notes on Nationalism. 1945, http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat, Erişim Tarihi: 3.07.2020.
- POSTELNICESCU, Claudia, Europe’s New Identity: The Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Nationalism, Europe's Journal of Psychology, Vol. 12(2), 2016, ss. 203-209.
- STRAUSS-KAHN, Domenique, What Borders for Europe? Turkish Policy Quarterly, 3 (3), 2004. WHITE, Hayden, The Discourse of Europe and the Search for European Identity, 2010, www.postcolonial-europe.eu/index.php/en/essays/93--the-discourse-of-europe-and-the-search-for-a-european-identity, Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020.
- Copenhagen Declaration on European Identity; (Copenhagen, 14 December 1973); Bulletin of the European Communities. December 1973, No 12. Luxembourg, http://www.cvce.eu/obj/declaration_on_european_identity_copenhagen_14_december_1973-en-02798dc9-9c69-4b7d-b2c9-f03a8db7da32.html Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2020.
- Declaration on the Occasion of the 50's Anniversary of the Signature of the Treaties of Rome, March 2007, http://europa.eu/50/docs/berlin_declaration_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020.
- The Maastricht Treaty, Provisions Amending the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community with a View to Establishing the European Community, 7 February 1992, http://www.eurotreaties.com/maastrichtec.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2020.
Öz
Nowadays it is possible to make an assumption that the EU identity is in a crisis due to EU’s internal contradictions. Like any other new and unstable entity, the EU identity is currently unable to withstand the international challenges. The EU, in addition to the difficulties with its supranational identity-building process and with the ambiguity of the concept itself, faced the exogenous (external) problems such as the global economic crisis, instability in world politics, terrorist attacks in Europe and civil wars in Eastern countries that forced millions of people to flee from war. In short, the main reason of instability in Europe today is that the European and EU identity are not ready for this kind of global challenges. In order to test the made assumption and to understand the reasons of EU identity crisis and the role played by refugees and asylum seekers in this process, first of all it is necessary to analyse the European identity and its formation process. In this context, the necessary analysis will be made. The analysis will be supported by the arguments concerning the problems that surround the issue of EU and European identity and the factors that affect this identity structure.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BRUTER, Michael, Citizens of Europe?: The Emergence of a Mass European Identity, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- DELANTY, Gerard, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality, Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 1995.
- DUNKERLEY, David, Changing Europe: Identities, Nations and Citizens, Routledge Pub., London, 2002.
- HERZOG, Phillipe, Travelling Hopefully: Ethics, Action, Perspective for a Revival of Europe, Editions Le Manuscrit,2006.
- KOSTAKOPOULOU, Theodora, Citizenship, Identity and Immigration in the European Union: Between Past and Future, Manchester University Press, 2010.
- LIPPMAN, Walter, Public Opinion. 1922, http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/2429/2487430/pdfs/lippmann.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2020.
- LUKACS, John, Decline and Rise of Europe: A Study in Recent History with Particular Emphasis on the Development of a European Consciousness, Doubleday Pub., New York, 1965.
- PAGDEN, Anthony, The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to European Union: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2002.
- SHORE, Cris, Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration, Routledge, London, 2000.
- STRATH, Bo, Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other, Peter Long, Brussels, 2000.
- BOXHOORN, Bram, European Identity and the Process of European Unification: Compatible Nations? Michael Wintle (Edt.), Culture and Identity in Europe: Perception of Divergence and Unity in Past and Present, (ss. 133-146), Ashgate Publications, England, 1996.
- DERRIDA, Jacques, HABERMAS, Jurgen, After the War: The Rebirth of Europe, 2003, http://www.strana-oz.ru/2003/6/nashe-obnovlenie-posle-voyny-vtoroe-rozhdenie-evropy, Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020.
- ERIKSON, Erik, The Problem of Ego Identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 4 (1), February 1956, ss. 56-121.
- FRANK, R., European Identity, Consciousness and Construction: Harmony and Disharmony Between Politics, Economics and Imagination, H.S. Chopra, R. Frank, J. Schroder (Edt.), National Identity and Regional Cooperation: Experiences of European Integration and South Asians Perceptions, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi, 1999.
- FUKUYAMA, Francis, The Challenges for European Identity, The Global Journal, 2012, http://theglobaljournal.net/article/view/469/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2020.
- JONES, Reece, Categories, Borders and Boundaries, Progress in Human Geography, 33 (2), 2009, ss. 174-189.
- NOUGAYREDE, Natalie, Refugees aren’t the problem. Europe’s identity crisis is. The Guardian, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/31/refugees-problem-europe-identity-crisis-migration, Erişim Tarihi: 28.06.2020.
- ORWELL, George, Notes on Nationalism. 1945, http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat, Erişim Tarihi: 3.07.2020.
- POSTELNICESCU, Claudia, Europe’s New Identity: The Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Nationalism, Europe's Journal of Psychology, Vol. 12(2), 2016, ss. 203-209.
- STRAUSS-KAHN, Domenique, What Borders for Europe? Turkish Policy Quarterly, 3 (3), 2004. WHITE, Hayden, The Discourse of Europe and the Search for European Identity, 2010, www.postcolonial-europe.eu/index.php/en/essays/93--the-discourse-of-europe-and-the-search-for-a-european-identity, Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020.
- Copenhagen Declaration on European Identity; (Copenhagen, 14 December 1973); Bulletin of the European Communities. December 1973, No 12. Luxembourg, http://www.cvce.eu/obj/declaration_on_european_identity_copenhagen_14_december_1973-en-02798dc9-9c69-4b7d-b2c9-f03a8db7da32.html Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2020.
- Declaration on the Occasion of the 50's Anniversary of the Signature of the Treaties of Rome, March 2007, http://europa.eu/50/docs/berlin_declaration_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2020.
- The Maastricht Treaty, Provisions Amending the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community with a View to Establishing the European Community, 7 February 1992, http://www.eurotreaties.com/maastrichtec.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2020.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler |
| Bölüm | araştırma makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Kasım 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 |
